Penanda aras kesetiaan proses QFT dengan Orbit, satu Qiskit Function oleh Quantum Elements

Anggaran penggunaan: 2 minit pada pemproses Heron r3. (NOTA: Ini hanyalah anggaran. Masa larian anda mungkin berbeza.) Secara lalai, tutorial ini menghantar satu job Orbit Function menggunakan Runtime Batch IBM Quantum Compute Service di sisi pelayan dengan tiga job anak, 300 PUB setiap job anak, dan 921,600 shot secara keseluruhan.

Amaran: Litar dinamik pada masa ini merupakan ciri eksperimental, dan tertakluk kepada had dalam Quantum Compute [3] yang boleh menyebabkan kegagalan tugasan. Sebagai contoh, ralat 6073 menunjukkan bahawa tugasan telah melebihi had memori perkakasan kawalan-klasik [4]. Notebook ini mengurangkan risiko tersebut dengan membahagikan saiz litar merentas tiga tugasan anak Runtime Batch [5]. Setiap perbandingan saiz-tetap kekal dalam satu tugasan anak, manakala saiz besar dan kecil dipasangkan untuk mengimbangi beban kerja kawalan-klasik tugasan tersebut.

Hasil pembelajaran

• Sediakan keadaan produk $\mathrm{QFT}^\dagger|x\rangle$ yang digunakan oleh penganggar kesetiaan-proses tersampel dalam Rajah 2a Ruj. [1].

• Bina pelaksanaan uniter dan dinamik yang setara bagi transformasi Fourier kuantum diikuti pengukuran.

• Pilih qubit fizikal untuk litar dinamik menggunakan data kalibrasi dan konektiviti semasa.

• Bandingkan anggaran kesetiaan-proses QFT uniter mentah, dinamik mentah, dan dinamik dipertingkat-Orbit apabila saiz litar berkembang.

• Hantar satu beban kerja Orbit melalui API batch mode sambil mengekalkan setiap perbandingan tiga-strategi saiz-tetap dalam satu tugasan anak.

• Periksa metadata Orbit untuk mengesahkan sama ada penyahkupelan dinamik (DD) dan mitigasi ralat pengukuran (MEM) telah digunakan.

Latar belakang

Rajah 2a Ruj. [1] menanda aras kesetiaan proses saluran QFT+M ideal berbanding pelaksanaan uniter dan dinamik yang bising. Untuk label asas-pengkomputeran tersampel $x$, penanda aras ini menyediakan $\mathrm{QFT}^\dagger|x\rangle$, menggunakan pelaksanaan QFT+M yang bising, dan menganggarkan kebarangkalian $p_x$ untuk mendapatkan output ideal yang sepadan. Keadaan QFT-songsang ini boleh dipisahkan dan boleh disediakan dengan cekap menggunakan get Hadamard dan putaran fasa maya.

Untuk $m$ label yang disampel secara bebas, notebook ini menggunakan penganggar tidak berat sebelah yang diterbitkan dalam Ruj. [1]:

$$\widehat{\mathcal{F}}_{\mathrm{proc}} = \frac{m}{m-1}\left(\frac{1}{m}\sum_{\ell=1}^{m}\sqrt{p_{x_\ell}}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{m(m-1)}\sum_{\ell=1}^{m}p_{x_\ell}.$$

Pembinaan dinamik menggantikan gate fasa terkawal bagi QFT+M uniter dengan pengukuran pertengahan litar dan putaran fasa bersyarat klasik [1]. Melalui pengukuran tertunda, kedua-dua litar mempunyai taburan output ideal yang sama. Pelaksanaan uniter memerlukan gate dua-qubit semua-ke-semua, dan disebabkan kekangan ketersambungan setempat, menanggung overhead gate SWAP sebanyak $O(n^2)$. Sebaliknya, litar dinamik hanya menggunakan gate qubit tunggal dan $O(n)$ pengukuran pertengahan litar yang memperkenalkan masa melahu yang panjang di tengah. Dengan mengabaikan DD sepenuhnya, persaingan asasnya ialah antara $O(n^2)$ gate uniter yang bising dan $O(n)$ pengukuran pertengahan litar yang bising. Jika masa melahu semasa pengukuran pertengahan litar ini mempunyai ralat yang cukup rendah, litar dinamik akan mengatasi pelaksanaan uniter, dan kami tunjukkan ini boleh dicapai menggunakan Orbit di bawah.

Hubungan dengan Rajah 2a. Notebook ini mengikuti protokol kesetiaan-proses tersampel dalam kertas asal, tetapi ia merupakan adaptasi tutorial berfokus-Orbit dan bukan penghasilan semula. Sebagai contoh, sedangkan Rajah 2a menggunakan ibm_kyiv dengan 2000 shot, kita menggunakan peranti moden ibm_aachen dengan bilangan shot yang lebih kecil iaitu 1024 untuk menjimatkan masa QPU.

Contoh keputusan

Plot statik di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kesetiaan-proses purata daripada tiga tugasan pembangunan berturut-turut yang dijalankan pada ibm_aachen dengan proses yang diterangkan di bawah. Seperti ditunjukkan di sini, Orbit boleh meningkatkan kualiti litar dinamik dengan ketara; QFT dinamik menyamai kualiti penanda aras yang diterbitkan dan menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding QFT uniter standard. Seperti yang akan kita lihat, keputusan ini berpunca daripada pemilihan qubit yang baik secara automatik, sisipan penyahkupelan dinamik automatik (tidak dioptimumkan secara manual untuk masalah ini), dan mitigasi ralat pengukuran. Untuk keseronokan, pastikan anda membandingkan keputusan ini dengan keputusan anda di akhir, terutamanya jika anda memilih backend yang berbeza.

Nota: Keputusan ini adalah gambaran ilustratif bagi larian terdahulu yang berjaya dengan Orbit, bukan jaminan prestasi. Keputusan di bawah sepatutnya kelihatan serupa secara kualitatif, tetapi butirannya bergantung pada peranti yang dipilih dan ciri-cirinya, terutamanya ralat pengukuran dan diam, pada masa larian.

# Added by doQumentation — installs the packages this notebook needs if they are missing
import importlib.util

_needed = {"matplotlib": "matplotlib", "numpy": "numpy", "qiskit": "qiskit", "qiskit_ibm_catalog": "qiskit-ibm-catalog", "qiskit_ibm_runtime": "qiskit-ibm-runtime"}
_missing = [pip for module, pip in _needed.items()
            if importlib.util.find_spec(module) is None]
# One at a time, so a package that fails to install does not block the others
for _pip in _missing:
    %pip install -q {_pip}
if not _missing:
    print("\u2713 All required packages are installed")

Keperluan

Pasang versi terkini bagi pakej berikut sebelum menjalankan tutorial ini:

• numpy

• matplotlib

• qiskit

• qiskit-ibm-runtime

• qiskit-ibm-catalog

pip install qiskit qiskit-ibm-runtime qiskit-ibm-catalog numpy matplotlib

Persediaan

Sahkan diri dengan IBM Quantum® Platform, muatkan ibm_aachen, dan muatkan Quantum Elements Orbit daripada Qiskit Functions Catalog.

N_VALUES ialah senarai saiz circuit: setiap nilai ialah bilangan qubit logik dalam satu circuit QFT. M ialah bilangan label asas yang disampel secara bebas $x$ yang dinilai untuk setiap saiz; dalam penganggar fidelity, ini ialah $m$ dalam persamaan di atas. Bagi setiap pasangan (N, x), notebook menghantar satu PUB untuk setiap satu daripada tiga strategi, jadi satu saiz tetap menyumbang 3 * M PUB dan 3 * M * SHOTS shot circuit.

Sapuan lalai itu menilai 15 saiz litar, 20 bitstring yang disampel bagi setiap saiz, dan tiga strategi. NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS=3 menentukan tiga partition Runtime Batch yang tersusun, dan BATCH_MAX_PUBS_PER_JOB dihantar melalui orbit.run(...) sebagai konfigurasi JSON. N_VALUES yang besar mencipta litar dinamik yang lebih kompleks, manakala M yang lebih besar meletakkan lebih banyak PUB dalam setiap tugasan anak; kedua-duanya boleh meningkatkan tekanan pada memori kawalan klasik backend. Jika sesuatu tugasan anak litar dinamik mencapai had itu, kurangkan N_VALUES atau M, atau tambah NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS. Kurangkan SHOTS apabila matlamatnya ialah mengurangkan penggunaan pelaksanaan dan bukannya bilangan atau kerumitan litar.

OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL=0 meminta Transpiler Qiskit melakukan penterjemahan dan penghalaan yang diperlukan dengan pengoptimuman minimum. Kami menggunakannya untuk mengekalkan susun atur litar dinamik yang dipilih secara eksplisit dan memudahkan tafsiran perbandingan mentah. Tahap 1–3 ialah eksperimen yang sah, tetapi ia boleh menulis semula atau memudahkan litar dan mungkin mengubah penempatan yang dipilih; manfaat yang dijangka di sini kecil kerana litar dinamik tidak mempunyai gate dua-qubit atau kekangan ketersambungan. Jika anda menukar tahap ini, jalankan semula penanda aras dan anggap keputusannya sebagai perbandingan yang berasingan.

import warnings
from collections import Counter, defaultdict

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from qiskit import (
    ClassicalRegister,
    QuantumCircuit,
    QuantumRegister,
    transpile,
)
from qiskit.circuit import IfElseOp
from qiskit.synthesis.qft import synth_qft_full
from qiskit_ibm_catalog import QiskitFunctionsCatalog
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService

IBM_BACKEND_NAME = "ibm_marrakesh"  # Change to your preferred backend

# N_VALUES contains circuit sizes in logical qubits; M is samples per size.
N_VALUES = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40]
M = 20
# Each sample is run with this many shots for each of the three strategies.
SHOTS = 1024
# Transpilation options.
OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL = 0  # Level 0 preserves the explicitly selected layouts and dynamic structure.
RNG_SEED = 12345  # Reproducible transpilation seed.
# Batch partitioning options.
NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS = 3
STRATEGY_LABELS = ("unitary/raw", "dynamic/raw", "dynamic/orbit")

def balanced_n_groups(
    n_values: list[int], num_jobs: int = 3
) -> list[list[int]]:
    """Pair circuit sizes into balanced Runtime Batch partitions."""
    values = sorted(n_values)
    if len(set(values)) != len(values):
        raise ValueError("N_VALUES must not contain duplicates")
    if not 1 <= num_jobs <= len(values):
        raise ValueError(
            "NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS must be between 1 and len(N_VALUES)"
        )

    max_group_size = (len(values) + num_jobs - 1) // num_jobs
    groups = [[] for _ in range(num_jobs)]
    loads = [0] * num_jobs
    pair_counts = [0] * num_jobs
    remaining = values.copy()

    while len(remaining) >= 2:
        candidates = [
            i
            for i, group in enumerate(groups)
            if len(group) + 2 <= max_group_size
        ]
        if not candidates:
            break
        smallest = remaining.pop(0)
        largest = remaining.pop()
        job_index = min(
            candidates, key=lambda i: (loads[i], len(groups[i]), i)
        )
        pair = (
            [largest, smallest]
            if pair_counts[job_index] % 2 == 0
            else [smallest, largest]
        )
        groups[job_index].extend(pair)
        loads[job_index] += smallest + largest
        pair_counts[job_index] += 1

    while remaining:
        value = remaining.pop()
        candidates = [
            i for i, group in enumerate(groups) if len(group) < max_group_size
        ]
        job_index = min(
            candidates, key=lambda i: (loads[i], len(groups[i]), i)
        )
        groups[job_index].append(value)
        loads[job_index] += value

    return groups

N_GROUPS = balanced_n_groups(N_VALUES, NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS)

service = QiskitRuntimeService(channel="ibm_quantum_platform")
backend = service.backend(IBM_BACKEND_NAME)
if "if_else" not in backend.target.operation_names:
    backend.target.add_instruction(IfElseOp, name="if_else")

catalog = QiskitFunctionsCatalog(channel="ibm_quantum_platform")
quantum_elements_orbit = catalog.load("quantum-elements/orbit")
if quantum_elements_orbit is None:
    raise RuntimeError(
        "Quantum Elements Orbit is not enabled for this IBM Quantum instance."
    )

required_qubits = max(N_VALUES)
if backend.num_qubits < required_qubits:
    raise ValueError(
        f"Backend {backend.name} has {backend.num_qubits} qubits, "
        f"but this benchmark needs at least {required_qubits}."
    )

{
    "orbit version": quantum_elements_orbit.version,
    "backend": backend.name,
    "num_qubits": backend.num_qubits,
    "n_values": N_VALUES,
    "m": M,
    "shots": SHOTS,
    "num_function_jobs": 1,
    "num_runtime_batch_partitions": NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS,
    "n_groups": N_GROUPS,
    "pubs_per_partition": [
        len(group) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS) for group in N_GROUPS
    ],
    "total_pubs": len(N_VALUES) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS),
    "total_shots": len(N_VALUES) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS) * SHOTS,
}

{'orbit version': '0.3.23',
 'backend': 'ibm_marrakesh',
 'num_qubits': 156,
 'n_values': [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40],
 'm': 20,
 'shots': 1024,
 'num_function_jobs': 1,
 'num_runtime_batch_partitions': 3,
 'n_groups': [[40, 2, 7, 15, 10], [35, 3, 6, 20, 9], [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]],
 'pubs_per_partition': [300, 300, 300],
 'total_pubs': 900,
 'total_shots': 921600}

Bina litar QFT

Untuk setiap integer $x$ yang disampel, bit_inv_qft menyediakan keadaan produk $\mathrm{QFT}^\dagger|x\rangle$ dengan Hadamard diikuti putaran fasa. Notebook kemudian menambah sama ada QFT uniter standard atau setara QFT dinamik semiklasiknya.

Kedua-dua pelaksanaan tidak menyertakan rangkaian tukar-ganti akhir. Susunan paparan bit-klasik dalam Qiskit oleh itu menyebabkan rentetan ukuran yang dijangka ialah songsangan perwakilan binari $x$ yang dipad dengan sifar, yang dikodkan oleh format(x, f"0{n}b")[::-1].

def bit_inv_qft(circuit: QuantumCircuit, x: int, conv: str = "LSB") -> None:
    """Prepare QFT†|x⟩ as a product state on `circuit`."""
    num_qubits = circuit.num_qubits
    circuit.h(range(num_qubits))
    for j in range(num_qubits):
        phase = (
            2 * np.pi * x / 2 ** (num_qubits - j)
            if conv == "LSB"
            else 2 * np.pi * x / 2 ** (j + 1)
        )
        circuit.p(-phase, j)

def build_unitary_qft_circuit(num_qubits: int, x: int) -> QuantumCircuit:
    """Build a unitary QFT circuit for sampled basis label `x`."""
    if not 0 <= x < 2**num_qubits:
        raise ValueError(
            f"x={x} is outside the {num_qubits}-qubit basis range"
        )
    qreg = QuantumRegister(num_qubits, "q")
    creg = ClassicalRegister(num_qubits, "c")
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(qreg, creg, name=f"unitary_qft_{num_qubits}q")
    bit_inv_qft(circuit, x)
    circuit.append(
        synth_qft_full(num_qubits, do_swaps=False), range(num_qubits)
    )
    circuit.measure(range(num_qubits), range(num_qubits))
    return circuit

def _warn_if_precision_loss(max_num_entanglements: int) -> None:
    """Warn when the smallest QFT rotation may lose float precision."""
    if max_num_entanglements > -np.finfo(float).minexp:
        warnings.warn(
            "precision loss in QFT."
            f" The rotation needed to represent {max_num_entanglements} entanglements"
            " is smaller than the smallest normal floating-point number.",
            category=RuntimeWarning,
            stacklevel=4,
        )

def synth_dynamic_qft(
    circuit: QuantumCircuit, *, do_swaps: bool = False
) -> QuantumCircuit:
    """Append semiclassical dynamic QFT operations to `circuit`."""
    num_qubits = circuit.num_qubits
    creg = circuit.cregs[0]
    _warn_if_precision_loss(num_qubits - 1)

    for j in reversed(range(num_qubits)):
        circuit.h(j)
        circuit.measure([j], [j])

        if j > 0:
            with circuit.if_test((creg[j], 1)):
                for k in reversed(range(j)):
                    circuit.p(np.pi * (2.0 ** (k - j)), k)

    if do_swaps:
        for i in range(num_qubits // 2):
            circuit.swap(i, num_qubits - i - 1)
    return circuit

def build_dynamic_qft_circuit(num_qubits: int, x: int) -> QuantumCircuit:
    """Build a dynamic QFT circuit for sampled basis label `x`."""
    if not 0 <= x < 2**num_qubits:
        raise ValueError(
            f"x={x} is outside the {num_qubits}-qubit basis range"
        )
    qreg = QuantumRegister(num_qubits, "q")
    creg = ClassicalRegister(num_qubits, "c")
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(qreg, creg, name=f"dynamic_qft_{num_qubits}q")
    bit_inv_qft(circuit, x)
    synth_dynamic_qft(circuit, do_swaps=False)
    return circuit

def target_output_bitstring(x: int, n_qubits: int) -> str:
    """Return Qiskit's expected measured bitstring for basis label `x`."""
    return format(int(x), f"0{n_qubits}b")[::-1]

def process_fidelity_from_success_probabilities(
    success_probabilities: list[float],
) -> float:
    """Estimate process fidelity from sampled success probabilities."""
    m = len(success_probabilities)
    if m <= 1:
        raise ValueError(
            "m must be larger than 1 for the process-fidelity estimator"
        )
    succ = np.asarray(success_probabilities, dtype=float)
    return float(
        (m / (m - 1)) * (np.mean(np.sqrt(succ)) ** 2)
        - np.sum(succ) / (m * (m - 1))
    )

Pilih qubit fizikal litar dinamik

Pelaksanaan dinamik tidak memerlukan get dua-qubit, jadi qubit fizikalnya tidak perlu membentuk subgraf yang tersambung. Untuk setiap saiz litar, pemilih ini menyusun qubit backend semasa menggunakan skor yang diberi berat 80% terhadap ralat bacaan yang lebih rendah dan 10% masing-masing terhadap $T_1$ dan $T_2$ yang lebih tinggi. Ia mula-mula memilih qubit berskor tinggi tanpa gandingan langsung antara mereka apabila boleh, yang boleh mengurangkan pendedahan kepada crosstalk jiran-terdekat, dan kemudian mengisi mana-mana kedudukan yang tinggal mengikut skor.

Varian dynamic/raw dan dynamic/orbit menggunakan susun atur terpilih yang betul-betul sama untuk setiap saiz, jadi perbandingan kedua-duanya dikawal dari segi susun atur. Litar unitary/raw pula dipetakan dan dihalakan oleh transpiler kerana ia memerlukan konektiviti dua-qubit. Pemilihan berasaskan kalibrasi masa-larian ini adalah khusus untuk tutorial ini; ia bukan susun atur tetap 40-qubit ibm_kyiv yang digunakan untuk eksperimen Rajah 2a kertas asal.

def value_from_property(raw):
    """Extract a numeric value from a backend property record."""
    if raw is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(raw, tuple):
        return raw[0]
    return getattr(raw, "value", raw)

def qubit_property_value(properties, qubit: int, *names: str) -> float | None:
    """Read the first available backend property for one qubit."""
    for name in names:
        try:
            value = value_from_property(
                properties.qubit_property(qubit, name)
            )
        except Exception:
            value = None
        if value is not None:
            return float(value)
    return None

def measurement_error(properties, qubit: int) -> float | None:
    """Return readout error, deriving it from asymmetric errors if needed."""
    readout = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "readout_error")
    if readout is not None:
        return readout
    p01 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "prob_meas0_prep1")
    p10 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "prob_meas1_prep0")
    if p01 is not None and p10 is not None:
        return 0.5 * (p01 + p10)
    return None

def coupling_edges(backend) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
    """Return directed coupling-map edges as integer pairs."""
    coupling_map = getattr(backend, "coupling_map", None)
    if coupling_map is not None:
        try:
            return [(int(a), int(b)) for a, b in coupling_map.get_edges()]
        except Exception:
            pass
    built = backend.target.build_coupling_map()
    return [(int(a), int(b)) for a, b in built.get_edges()]

def neighbor_map(backend) -> dict[int, set[int]]:
    """Build an undirected neighboring-qubit map from backend connectivity."""
    neighbors = {qubit: set() for qubit in range(backend.num_qubits)}
    for a, b in coupling_edges(backend):
        neighbors[a].add(b)
        neighbors[b].add(a)
    return neighbors

def anchored_score(
    value: float | None, *, good: float, bad: float, higher_is_better: bool
) -> float:
    """Normalize a calibration value to a [0, 1] quality score."""
    if value is None:
        return 0.0
    if higher_is_better:
        low, high = sorted((bad, good))
        score = (value - low) / (high - low)
    else:
        low, high = sorted((good, bad))
        score = (high - value) / (high - low)
    return float(min(1.0, max(0.0, score)))

def qubit_metrics(backend) -> list[dict]:
    """Collect and rank calibration metrics for all backend qubits."""
    properties = backend.properties()
    rows = []
    for qubit in range(backend.num_qubits):
        t1 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "T1", "t1")
        t2 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "T2", "t2")
        meas_error = measurement_error(properties, qubit)
        measurement_score = anchored_score(
            meas_error, good=0.005, bad=0.05, higher_is_better=False
        )
        t1_score = anchored_score(
            t1, good=0.00025, bad=0.00005, higher_is_better=True
        )
        t2_score = anchored_score(
            t2, good=0.00025, bad=0.00005, higher_is_better=True
        )
        rows.append(
            {
                "qubit": qubit,
                "t1": t1,
                "t2": t2,
                "measurement_error": meas_error,
                "score": 0.8 * measurement_score
                + 0.1 * t1_score
                + 0.1 * t2_score,
            }
        )
    return sorted(rows, key=lambda row: row["score"], reverse=True)

def select_dynamic_qubits(backend, n_qubits: int) -> list[int]:
    """Choose high-scoring, preferably nonadjacent qubits for dynamic circuits."""
    ranked = qubit_metrics(backend)
    neighbors = neighbor_map(backend)
    selected = []
    blocked = set()
    for row in ranked:
        qubit = row["qubit"]
        if qubit in blocked:
            continue
        selected.append(qubit)
        blocked.add(qubit)
        blocked.update(neighbors.get(qubit, set()))
        if len(selected) == n_qubits:
            return selected

    for row in ranked:
        qubit = row["qubit"]
        if qubit not in selected:
            selected.append(qubit)
        if len(selected) == n_qubits:
            return selected
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not select {n_qubits} physical qubits")

print("The top 3 qubits (according to our scoring): ")
print(qubit_metrics(backend)[0:3])
print("Worst  3 qubits (according to our scoring): ")
print(qubit_metrics(backend)[-3:])

The top 3 qubits (according to our scoring): 
[{'qubit': 35, 't1': 0.0004024167194138543, 't2': 0.0003811132194981602, 'measurement_error': 0.003662109375, 'score': 1.0}, {'qubit': 92, 't1': 0.0003281277199162346, 't2': 0.0002414989126012369, 'measurement_error': 0.00390625, 'score': 0.9957494563006185}, {'qubit': 5, 't1': 0.0002919284700896914, 't2': 0.0002184196315970577, 'measurement_error': 0.00537109375, 'score': 0.9776125935763066}]
Worst  3 qubits (according to our scoring): 
[{'qubit': 76, 't1': 7.65424382656864e-05, 't2': 3.438638139929193e-05, 'measurement_error': 0.05859375, 'score': 0.013271219132843196}, {'qubit': 26, 't1': 7.000219049917298e-06, 't2': 7.849466281257113e-06, 'measurement_error': 0.1009521484375, 'score': 0.0}, {'qubit': 82, 't1': 7.260327905277343e-06, 't2': 6.440762177221646e-06, 'measurement_error': 0.5048828125, 'score': 0.0}]

Sediakan PUB penanda aras

Untuk setiap pasangan (N, x), notebook mentranspilasi litar logik terlebih dahulu dan mencipta satu PUB Sampler untuk setiap strategi:

• unitary/raw: QFT uniter pada susun atur terpilih transpiler, dengan penghalaan seperti diperlukan dan tanpa DD atau MEM Orbit.

• dynamic/raw: QFT dinamik pada qubit fizikal terpilih-kalibrasi, tanpa DD atau MEM Orbit.

• dynamic/orbit: litar dinamik yang sama yang telah ditranspilasi pada qubit fizikal yang sama, dengan DD dan MEM Orbit didayakan.

PUB dipertingkat-Orbit menggunakan transpilation_mode="validate" kerana pemetaannya telah pun dipilih. Orbit mengesahkan litar fizikal yang dibekalkan dan bukannya memetakannya semula, kemudian menggunakan saluran paip DD dan MEMnya. Oleh kerana hanya lengkung dinamik dipertingkat yang meminta MEM, ia tidak sepatutnya ditafsirkan sebagai perbandingan DD-berbanding-tiada-DD yang terpencil.

PUB, pilihan setiap-PUB, dan rekod keputusan diratakan mengikut susunan yang sama. Untuk setiap $N$ tetap, PUB unitary/raw, dynamic/raw, dan dynamic/orbit disimpan bersama dalam satu partition Runtime Batch. Pembantu pengelompokan ini memasangkan saiz circuit besar dan kecil, menyilih susunannya, dan mengimbangi jumlah $N$ merentas ketiga-tiga partition sebagai proksi mudah untuk beban kerja kawalan klasik.

strategy_options = {
    "unitary/raw": {"mode": "raw"},
    "dynamic/raw": {"mode": "raw"},
    "dynamic/orbit": {"mode": "orbit", "transpilation_mode": "validate"},
}
rng = np.random.default_rng(RNG_SEED)
pubs = []
pub_options = []
pub_records = []
layout_summary = {}

target_decimals_by_n = {
    n_qubits: [int(x) for x in rng.integers(0, 2**n_qubits, size=M)]
    for n_qubits in N_VALUES
}

for partition_index, n_group in enumerate(N_GROUPS):
    for n_qubits in n_group:
        dynamic_qubits = select_dynamic_qubits(backend, n_qubits)
        layout_summary[str(n_qubits)] = {"dynamic_qubits": dynamic_qubits}

        for x in target_decimals_by_n[n_qubits]:
            target_bitstring = target_output_bitstring(x, n_qubits)
            unitary_logical = build_unitary_qft_circuit(n_qubits, x)
            dynamic_logical = build_dynamic_qft_circuit(n_qubits, x)

            unitary_transpiled = transpile(
                unitary_logical,
                backend=backend,
                optimization_level=OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL,
                seed_transpiler=RNG_SEED,
            )
            dynamic_transpiled = transpile(
                dynamic_logical,
                backend=backend,
                optimization_level=OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL,
                seed_transpiler=RNG_SEED,
                initial_layout=dynamic_qubits,
            )

            circuits_by_label = {
                "unitary/raw": unitary_transpiled,
                "dynamic/raw": dynamic_transpiled,
                "dynamic/orbit": dynamic_transpiled,
            }
            for label in STRATEGY_LABELS:
                circuit = circuits_by_label[label]
                options = dict(strategy_options[label])
                pubs.append((circuit, None, SHOTS))
                pub_options.append(options)
                pub_records.append(
                    {
                        "partition_index": partition_index,
                        "n_qubits": n_qubits,
                        "target_decimal": x,
                        "target_bitstring": target_bitstring,
                        "label": label,
                        "pub_options": options,
                        "dynamic_qubits": (
                            dynamic_qubits
                            if label.startswith("dynamic/")
                            else None
                        ),
                        "transpiled_depth": circuit.depth(),
                        "transpiled_size": circuit.size(),
                    }
                )

BATCH_MAX_PUBS_PER_JOB = max(
    len(group) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS) for group in N_GROUPS
)

{
    "num_function_jobs": 1,
    "num_runtime_batch_partitions": len(N_GROUPS),
    "n_groups": {
        job_index: group for job_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "n_load_per_job": {
        job_index: sum(group) for job_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "pubs_per_partition": {
        partition_index: len(group) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS)
        for partition_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "expected_executions_per_partition": {
        partition_index: len(group) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS) * SHOTS
        for partition_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "first_pub_record": pub_records[0],
    "largest_dynamic_qubit_set": layout_summary[str(max(N_VALUES))][
        "dynamic_qubits"
    ],
}

{'num_function_jobs': 1,
 'num_runtime_batch_partitions': 3,
 'n_groups': {0: [40, 2, 7, 15, 10],
  1: [35, 3, 6, 20, 9],
  2: [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]},
 'n_load_per_job': {0: 74, 1: 73, 2: 72},
 'pubs_per_partition': {0: 300, 1: 300, 2: 300},
 'expected_executions_per_partition': {0: 307200, 1: 307200, 2: 307200},
 'first_pub_record': {'partition_index': 0,
  'n_qubits': 40,
  'target_decimal': 853235401719,
  'target_bitstring': '1110111111000000110100110001010101100011',
  'label': 'unitary/raw',
  'pub_options': {'mode': 'raw'},
  'dynamic_qubits': None,
  'transpiled_depth': 4778,
  'transpiled_size': 28259},
 'largest_dynamic_qubit_set': [35,
  92,
  5,
  141,
  75,
  147,
  1,
  152,
  12,
  10,
  128,
  107,
  21,
  8,
  15,
  98,
  33,
  134,
  154,
  53,
  78,
  109,
  112,
  149,
  120,
  55,
  3,
  132,
  85,
  49,
  115,
  101,
  95,
  64,
  136,
  71,
  90,
  56,
  18,
  44]}

Jalankan penanda aras

Hantar konfigurasi Batch yang boleh diserialkan JSON melalui orbit.run(...). Orbit mencipta Runtime Batch yang disahkan di dalam Function, menghantar partition PUB yang tersusun, menutup Batch selepas penghantaran, dan mengembalikan satu keputusan gabungan kepada pemanggil. Batch tempatan yang dicipta oleh pemanggil tidak boleh mengawal job Qiskit Function yang tak segerak.

Senarai PUB yang tersusun dipartisi mengikut kumpulan bilangan qubit supaya ketiga-tiga strategi bagi $N$ tetap dapat dibandingkan secara adil: semua 60 PUB bagi $N$ tetap — 20 input yang disampel didarab tiga strategi — dilaksanakan dalam job anak Runtime Batch yang sama. Kumpulan lalai menggabungkan circuit besar dan kecil dan mengandungi 300 PUB setiap satu, mengurangkan kemungkinan satu job anak mengumpul semua program dinamik terbesar sambil mengekalkan perbandingan dalam-job.

job = quantum_elements_orbit.run(
    primitive="sampler",
    pubs=pubs,
    backend_name=backend.name,
    options={
        "pub_options": pub_options,
        "batch": {
            "max_pubs_per_job": BATCH_MAX_PUBS_PER_JOB,
            "max_time": "2h",
        },
        "save_backend_info": True,
    },
)

{
    "backend": backend.name,
    "function_job_id": job.job_id,
    "status": job.status(),
    "num_pubs": len(pubs),
    "max_pubs_per_runtime_job": BATCH_MAX_PUBS_PER_JOB,
    "n_groups": N_GROUPS,
}

{'backend': 'ibm_marrakesh',
 'function_job_id': '4b953302-afc3-4889-9ecf-e63d78b4e252',
 'status': 'QUEUED',
 'num_pubs': 900,
 'max_pubs_per_runtime_job': 300,
 'n_groups': [[40, 2, 7, 15, 10], [35, 3, 6, 20, 9], [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]]}

Dapatkan keputusan dan kira kesetiaan proses

Dapatkan satu keputusan gabungan yang dikembalikan oleh Orbit Function. Orbit merekodkan ID Runtime Batch, ID job Runtime anak, dan julat PUB dalam metadata keputusan; susunan PUB dikekalkan merentas job anak. Untuk setiap PUB, $p_x$ ialah kebarangkalian yang diberikan kepada bitstring yang dijangka. extract_counts membaca kiraan yang dikembalikan kepada pemanggil; untuk dynamic/orbit, ini adalah kiraan yang diselaraskan-MEM apabila mitigasi berjaya. extract_raw_counts juga memulihkan kiraan tidak dimitigasi yang sepadan yang direkodkan dalam metadata Orbit. Kod ini mengumpulkan 20 nilai $p_x$ untuk setiap pasangan (N, label) dan menggunakan penganggar yang diperkenalkan di atas.

Kamus process_fidelity yang diplot oleh itu menggunakan kiraan mentah untuk unitary/raw dan dynamic/raw, tetapi kiraan yang diselaraskan-MEM untuk dynamic/orbit. Kamus selari raw_process_fidelity mengekalkan pengiraan tidak dimitigasi untuk setiap strategi dan berguna apabila memisahkan kesan MEM daripada baki saluran paip Orbit. MEM membetulkan histogram output yang dikembalikan; ia tidak boleh mengubah secara retroaktif keputusan pengukuran pertengahan-litar yang telah pun digunakan oleh suapan hadapan masa-nyata.

def extract_counts(pub_result) -> dict[str, int]:
    """Extract the first nonempty classical-register counts mapping."""
    data = getattr(pub_result, "data", None)
    if data is None:
        raise TypeError("pub_result.data is missing")

    for name in dir(data):
        if name.startswith("_"):
            continue
        register = getattr(data, name)
        get_counts = getattr(register, "get_counts", None)
        if callable(get_counts):
            counts = get_counts()
            if counts:
                return counts

    raise TypeError(
        "No classical register with get_counts() found in pub_result.data"
    )

def extract_raw_counts(pub_result) -> dict[str, int]:
    """Extract unmitigated counts from Orbit metadata when available."""
    orbit_metadata = pub_result.metadata.get("quantum_elements_orbit", {})
    mem_report = orbit_metadata.get("measurementErrorMitigation", {})
    return mem_report.get("rawCounts") or extract_counts(pub_result)

def probability_for_bitstring(
    counts: dict[str, int], bitstring: str, n_qubits: int
) -> float:
    """Return observed probability of an expected bitstring."""
    total = sum(counts.values())
    if total <= 0:
        return 0.0
    normalized = Counter()
    for measured, count in counts.items():
        key = measured.replace(" ", "")[-n_qubits:].zfill(n_qubits)
        normalized[key] += count
    return float(normalized.get(bitstring, 0) / total)

try:
    job_result = job.result()
except Exception as exc:
    job_logs = getattr(job, "logs", lambda: "")()
    if job_logs:
        print(f"Logs for Function job {job.job_id}:\n{job_logs}")
    raise RuntimeError(
        f"Batched Orbit Function job {job.job_id} failed: "
        f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}"
    ) from exc

if len(job_result) != len(pub_records):
    raise RuntimeError(
        f"Function job {job.job_id} returned {len(job_result)} PUB results; "
        f"expected {len(pub_records)}"
    )

batch_report = job_result.metadata.get("quantum_elements_orbit", {}).get(
    "batch", {}
)
batch_partitions = batch_report.get("partitions", [])
partition_by_pub = {}
for partition in batch_partitions:
    start = int(partition["pubStart"])
    stop = start + int(partition["pubCount"])
    for pub_index in range(start, stop):
        partition_by_pub[pub_index] = partition

if len(partition_by_pub) != len(pub_records):
    raise RuntimeError(
        "Orbit Batch metadata does not cover every returned PUB."
    )

grouped_success = defaultdict(list)
grouped_raw_success = defaultdict(list)
pub_summaries = []

for pub_index, (record, pub_result) in enumerate(
    zip(pub_records, job_result, strict=True)
):
    partition = partition_by_pub[pub_index]
    label = record["label"]
    n_qubits = record["n_qubits"]
    counts = extract_counts(pub_result)
    raw_counts = extract_raw_counts(pub_result)
    success = probability_for_bitstring(
        counts, record["target_bitstring"], n_qubits
    )
    raw_success = probability_for_bitstring(
        raw_counts, record["target_bitstring"], n_qubits
    )
    key = (n_qubits, label)
    grouped_success[key].append(success)
    grouped_raw_success[key].append(raw_success)

    orbit_report = pub_result.metadata.get("quantum_elements_orbit", {})
    mem_report = orbit_report.get("measurementErrorMitigation", {})
    pub_summaries.append(
        {
            **record,
            "function_job_id": job.job_id,
            "runtime_batch_id": batch_report.get("id"),
            "runtime_job_id": partition.get("jobId"),
            "runtime_batch_partition": partition.get("index"),
            "success_probability": success,
            "raw_success_probability": raw_success,
            "orbit_mode": orbit_report.get("mode"),
            "transpilation_mode": orbit_report.get("transpilationMode"),
            "physical_layout": orbit_report.get("physicalLayout"),
            "dd_status": orbit_report.get("status", "not_applied"),
            "num_sequences_added": orbit_report.get("numSequencesAdded", 0),
            "num_gaps_filled": orbit_report.get("numGapsFilled", 0),
            "dynamic_dd_seq": orbit_report.get("dynamicDdSeq"),
            "mem_status": mem_report.get("status", "not_requested"),
            "warnings": orbit_report.get("warnings", [])
            + mem_report.get("warnings", []),
        }
    )

process_fidelity = defaultdict(dict)
raw_process_fidelity = defaultdict(dict)
mean_success_probability = defaultdict(dict)
raw_mean_success_probability = defaultdict(dict)

for (n_qubits, label), probabilities in sorted(grouped_success.items()):
    n_key = str(n_qubits)
    process_fidelity[n_key][label] = (
        process_fidelity_from_success_probabilities(probabilities)
    )
    mean_success_probability[n_key][label] = float(np.mean(probabilities))

for (n_qubits, label), probabilities in sorted(grouped_raw_success.items()):
    n_key = str(n_qubits)
    raw_process_fidelity[n_key][label] = (
        process_fidelity_from_success_probabilities(probabilities)
    )
    raw_mean_success_probability[n_key][label] = float(np.mean(probabilities))

process_fidelity = dict(process_fidelity)
raw_process_fidelity = dict(raw_process_fidelity)
mean_success_probability = dict(mean_success_probability)
raw_mean_success_probability = dict(raw_mean_success_probability)

{
    "function_job_id": job.job_id,
    "runtime_batch_id": batch_report.get("id"),
    "runtime_job_ids": batch_report.get("jobIds", []),
    "runtime_batch_partitions": batch_partitions,
    "n_groups": N_GROUPS,
    "process_fidelity": process_fidelity,
    "mean_success_probability": mean_success_probability,
}

{'function_job_id': '4b953302-afc3-4889-9ecf-e63d78b4e252',
 'runtime_batch_id': '096da6a9-cbea-4940-bd6f-3bdebfad436e',
 'runtime_job_ids': ['dabhtfh6e67c73a1dspg',
  'dabhtkp6e67c73a1dt0g',
  'dabhtple36ac739ff7ag'],
 'runtime_batch_partitions': [{'index': 0,
   'pubStart': 0,
   'pubCount': 300,
   'jobId': 'dabhtfh6e67c73a1dspg'},
  {'index': 1,
   'pubStart': 300,
   'pubCount': 300,
   'jobId': 'dabhtkp6e67c73a1dt0g'},
  {'index': 2,
   'pubStart': 600,
   'pubCount': 300,
   'jobId': 'dabhtple36ac739ff7ag'}],
 'n_groups': [[40, 2, 7, 15, 10], [35, 3, 6, 20, 9], [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]],
 'process_fidelity': {'2': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.96795267841156,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.982106196462969,
   'unitary/raw': 0.9813114213091467},
  '3': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.9260299657995851,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.9561294394338111,
   'unitary/raw': 0.9500873287318629},
  '4': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.8830473125154273,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.8338948172317725,
   'unitary/raw': 0.8723284938083211},
  '5': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.8345263398914793,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.7202370952637628,
   'unitary/raw': 0.7886522480980407},
  '6': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.7555427381229081,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.5132161092086612,
   'unitary/raw': 0.7212899564100468},
  '7': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.7050351887334156,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.3785120988393675,
   'unitary/raw': 0.6045265978953258},
  '8': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.6646106162043616,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.16869967802023164,
   'unitary/raw': 0.5043677114922691},
  '9': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.5230999959600392,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.03629305030182246,
   'unitary/raw': 0.4292104907804543},
  '10': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.5578720776016518,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.041261905412736485,
   'unitary/raw': 0.3509234542669733},
  '15': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.2580377878661623,
   'dynamic/raw': 3.083881578947369e-05,
   'unitary/raw': 0.09345722346055228},
  '20': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.05567530378670723,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.00010793585526315788},
  '25': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.003482218097213064,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '30': {'dynamic/orbit': 7.268778589499868e-06,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '35': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '40': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0}},
 'mean_success_probability': {'2': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.96796875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.98212890625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.98134765625},
  '3': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.92607421875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.95615234375,
   'unitary/raw': 0.950146484375},
  '4': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.88310546875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.833935546875,
   'unitary/raw': 0.872705078125},
  '5': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.8345703125,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.7203125,
   'unitary/raw': 0.78896484375},
  '6': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.7556640625,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.51337890625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.721826171875},
  '7': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.70517578125,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.3787109375,
   'unitary/raw': 0.605419921875},
  '8': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.66484375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.16884765625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.50576171875},
  '9': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.5232421875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0365234375,
   'unitary/raw': 0.43203125},
  '10': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.5580078125,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.04150390625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.353466796875},
  '15': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.258349609375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0001953125,
   'unitary/raw': 0.09453125},
  '20': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.057568359375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.000341796875},
  '25': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.006396484375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '30': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.000146484375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '35': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '40': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0}}}

Periksa metadata DD Orbit

Ringkasan di bawah memeriksa metadata PUB dynamic/orbit dan bukannya menganggap bahawa DD yang diminta telah disisipkan. Periksa status, urutan DD dinamik yang dilaporkan, amaran, dan bilangan jurang yang diisi serta urutan yang ditambah. Sisipan yang berjaya sepatutnya menghasilkan kiraan bukan-sifar untuk sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian PUB, tetapi nilai sebenar bergantung pada litar yang dijadualkan, kekangan pemasaan backend, dan saiz litar. Metadata ini menerangkan urutan terapan Orbit; ia tidak sepatutnya dilabel sebagai protokol FC-DD kertas asal melainkan laporan secara eksplisit menetapkan kesetaraan tersebut.

dd_summary = defaultdict(lambda: Counter())
sequence_totals = defaultdict(int)
warning_examples = []

for summary in pub_summaries:
    if summary["label"] != "dynamic/orbit":
        continue
    n_key = str(summary["n_qubits"])
    dd_summary[n_key][summary["dd_status"]] += 1
    sequence_totals[n_key] += int(summary.get("num_sequences_added") or 0)
    if summary.get("warnings") and len(warning_examples) < 5:
        warning_examples.append(
            {
                "n_qubits": summary["n_qubits"],
                "target_decimal": summary["target_decimal"],
                "warnings": summary["warnings"],
            }
        )

{
    "dynamic_orbit_dd_status_counts": {
        key: dict(value) for key, value in dd_summary.items()
    },
    "dynamic_orbit_sequences_added": dict(sequence_totals),
    "warning_examples": warning_examples,
}

{'dynamic_orbit_dd_status_counts': {'40': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '2': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '7': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '15': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '10': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '35': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '3': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '6': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '20': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '9': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '30': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '4': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '5': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '25': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '8': {'dd_inserted': 20}},
 'dynamic_orbit_sequences_added': {'40': 31200,
  '2': 40,
  '7': 840,
  '15': 4200,
  '10': 1800,
  '35': 23800,
  '3': 120,
  '6': 600,
  '20': 7600,
  '9': 1440,
  '30': 17400,
  '4': 240,
  '5': 400,
  '25': 12000,
  '8': 1120},
 'warning_examples': [{'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 853235401719,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 954673909846,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 524641045908,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 185651043478,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 587114273567,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']}]}

Plot lengkung kesetiaan-proses

Plot ini menunjukkan anggaran titik kesetiaan-proses QFT tersampel berbanding bilangan qubit untuk ketiga-tiga strategi. dynamic/raw dan dynamic/orbit berkongsi susun atur fizikal pada setiap saiz; unitary/raw menggunakan susun atur dan penghalaan transpiler.

Tidak seperti Rajah 2a, plot ini tidak menunjukkan lengkung uniter-dengan-DD atau jalur ketidakpastian, dan lengkung mentahnya tidak dimitigasi-bacaan. Ia paling baik dibaca sebagai perbandingan penskalaan bergaya-Rajah-2a untuk aliran kerja Orbit ini, bukan sebagai penghasilan semula langsung lengkung yang diterbitkan.

from datetime import datetime
from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo

finished_local = datetime.now(ZoneInfo("America/Los_Angeles"))

labels = ["dynamic/orbit", "dynamic/raw", "unitary/raw"]
colors = {
    "dynamic/orbit": "#26735b",
    "dynamic/raw": "#9b1c31",
    "unitary/raw": "#6e6e6e",
}
pretty_labels = {
    "dynamic/orbit": "Dynamic QFT with Orbit",
    "dynamic/raw": "Dynamic QFT",
    "unitary/raw": "Unitary QFT",
}

series = []
for label in labels:
    values = [process_fidelity[str(n)][label] for n in N_VALUES]
    log_values = [value if value > 0.0 else float("nan") for value in values]
    series.append((label, values, log_values))

nonzero_values = [
    value
    for _, _, log_values in series
    for value in log_values
    if value > 0.0
]
if not nonzero_values:
    raise RuntimeError(
        "No nonzero process-fidelity values found for log inset"
    )
log_floor = min(nonzero_values) / 2

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9.8, 5.6))
for label, values, _ in series:
    ax.plot(
        N_VALUES,
        values,
        marker="o",
        linewidth=2.0,
        markersize=5,
        color=colors[label],
        label=pretty_labels[label],
    )

ax.set_xlabel("N qubits")
ax.set_ylabel("Process fidelity")
finished_time_for_title = finished_local
ax.set_title(
    f"Dynamic QFT Orbit results on {IBM_BACKEND_NAME}\n"
    f"Job finished {finished_time_for_title:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M %Z}"
)
ax.set_xticks(N_VALUES)
ax.set_ylim(bottom=0)
ax.grid(axis="both", alpha=0.25)
ax.legend(loc="upper right")

inset = ax.inset_axes([0.53, 0.31, 0.44, 0.43])
for label, _, log_values in series:
    inset.plot(
        N_VALUES,
        log_values,
        marker="o",
        linewidth=2.0,
        markersize=5,
        color=colors[label],
    )
inset.set_yscale("log")
inset.set_ylim(bottom=log_floor)
inset.set_xlim(min(N_VALUES), max(N_VALUES))
inset.set_title("Log scale; zeros omitted", fontsize=9)
inset.grid(axis="both", alpha=0.25)
inset.tick_params(axis="both", labelsize=8)
inset.patch.set_alpha(0.96)

fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Rujukan

1. E. Bäumer et al., "Quantum Fourier Transform Using Dynamic Circuits," arXiv:2403.09514; Physical Review Letters 133, 150602 (2024)

2. Pengenalan kepada Qiskit Functions

3. Had Quantum Compute untuk pembolehubah stretch

4. Kod ralat IBM Quantum: 6073

5. Jalankan tugasan dalam kelompok

Langkah seterusnya

• Lihat dokumentasi panduan Orbit dan rujukan API.

• Cuba backend yang berbeza, susun atur alternatif, atau uji urutan penyahkupelan dinamik alternatif yang didayakan-orbit dengan mengubah pilihan dd_strategy. Ingat bahawa disebabkan sifat eksperimental litar dinamik, anda perlu berhati-hati dengan kemungkinan mod kegagalan tugasan (lihat [3] dan [4]). Jika anda menemui nilai stretch negatif [3], cuba urutan DD yang lebih kecil (denyutan lebih sedikit). Jika anda menemui [4], tingkatkan NUM_BATCH_PARTITIONS, kurangkan M, atau kurangkan nilai terbesar dalam N_VALUES, semuanya ditakrifkan dalam bahagian Persediaan berhampiran bahagian atas.