Tanda aras kesetiaan proses QFT+M dengan Orbit, satu Fungsi Qiskit oleh Quantum Elements

Anggaran penggunaan: 2 minit pada pemproses Heron r3. (NOTA: Ini hanyalah anggaran. Masa larian anda mungkin berbeza.) Secara lalai, tutorial ini menghantar tiga tugasan fungsi Orbit ke dalam satu beban kerja mod kelompok IBM Quantum Compute Service, dengan 300 PUB setiap tugasan, untuk sejumlah 900 PUB dan 921,600 shot secara keseluruhan.

Amaran: Litar dinamik pada masa ini merupakan ciri eksperimental, dan tertakluk kepada had dalam Quantum Compute [3] yang boleh menyebabkan kegagalan tugasan. Sebagai contoh, ralat 6073 menunjukkan bahawa tugasan telah melebihi had memori perkakasan kawalan-klasik [4]. Notebook ini mengurangkan risiko tersebut dengan mempartisikan saiz litar merentas tiga tugasan Quantum Compute dalam satu kelompok [5]. Setiap perbandingan saiz-tetap kekal dalam satu tugasan, manakala saiz besar dan kecil dipasangkan untuk mengimbangi beban kerja kawalan-klasik tugasan tersebut.

Hasil pembelajaran

• Sediakan keadaan produk $\mathrm{QFT}^\dagger|x\rangle$ yang digunakan oleh penganggar kesetiaan-proses tersampel dalam Rajah 2a Ruj. [1].

• Bina pelaksanaan uniter dan dinamik yang setara bagi transformasi Fourier kuantum diikuti pengukuran (QFT+M).

• Pilih qubit fizikal untuk litar dinamik menggunakan data kalibrasi dan konektiviti semasa.

• Bandingkan anggaran kesetiaan-proses QFT+M uniter mentah, dinamik mentah, dan dinamik dipertingkat-Orbit apabila saiz litar berkembang.

• Gunakan API transpilasi teragih Orbit dengan mode="raw" dan transpilation_mode="validate".

• Hantar pelbagai beban kerja Orbit melalui API mod kelompok sambil mengekalkan setiap perbandingan tiga-strategi saiz-tetap dalam satu tugasan.

• Periksa metadata Orbit untuk mengesahkan sama ada penyahkupelan dinamik (DD) dan mitigasi ralat pengukuran (MEM) telah digunakan.

Latar belakang

Rajah 2a Ruj. [1] menanda aras kesetiaan proses saluran QFT+M ideal berbanding pelaksanaan uniter dan dinamik yang bising. Untuk label asas-pengkomputeran tersampel $x$, penanda aras ini menyediakan $\mathrm{QFT}^\dagger|x\rangle$, menggunakan pelaksanaan QFT+M yang bising, dan menganggarkan kebarangkalian $p_x$ untuk mendapatkan output ideal yang sepadan. Keadaan QFT-songsang ini boleh dipisahkan dan boleh disediakan dengan cekap menggunakan get Hadamard dan putaran fasa maya.

Untuk $m$ label yang disampel secara bebas, notebook ini menggunakan penganggar tidak berat sebelah yang diterbitkan dalam Ruj. [1]:

$$\widehat{\mathcal{F}}_{\mathrm{proc}} = \frac{m}{m-1}\left(\frac{1}{m}\sum_{\ell=1}^{m}\sqrt{p_{x_\ell}}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{m(m-1)}\sum_{\ell=1}^{m}p_{x_\ell}.$$

Pembinaan dinamik menggantikan get fasa-terkawal QFT+M uniter dengan pengukuran pertengahan-litar dan putaran fasa yang dikondisikan secara klasik [1]. Melalui penangguhan pengukuran, kedua-dua litar mempunyai taburan output ideal yang sama. Bentuk dinamik ini menghapuskan keperluan get dua-qubit semua-ke-semua dan sebaliknya menggunakan $O(n)$ pengukuran pertengahan-litar dengan gerak maju hadapan dan tanpa kekangan konektiviti. Pengukuran dan gerak maju hadapan juga meninggalkan tempoh diam yang panjang pada qubit yang belum diukur lagi, menjadikan DD amat relevan.

Hubungan dengan Rajah 2a. Notebook ini mengikuti protokol kesetiaan-proses tersampel dalam kertas asal, tetapi ia merupakan adaptasi tutorial berfokus-Orbit dan bukan penghasilan semula. Sebagai contoh, sedangkan Rajah 2a menggunakan ibm_kyiv dengan 2000 shot, kita menggunakan peranti moden ibm_aachen dengan bilangan shot yang lebih kecil iaitu 1024 untuk menjimatkan masa QPU.

Contoh keputusan

Plot statik di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kesetiaan-proses purata daripada tiga tugasan pembangunan berturut-turut yang dijalankan pada ibm_aachen dengan proses yang diterangkan di bawah. Seperti ditunjukkan di sini, Orbit boleh meningkatkan kualiti litar dinamik dengan ketara; QFT dinamik menyamai kualiti penanda aras yang diterbitkan dan menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding QFT uniter standard. Seperti yang akan kita lihat, keputusan ini berpunca daripada pemilihan qubit yang baik secara automatik, sisipan penyahkupelan dinamik automatik (tidak dioptimumkan secara manual untuk masalah ini), dan mitigasi ralat pengukuran. Untuk keseronokan, pastikan anda membandingkan keputusan ini dengan keputusan anda di akhir, terutamanya jika anda memilih backend yang berbeza.

Nota: Keputusan ini adalah gambaran ilustratif bagi larian awal yang berjaya dengan Orbit, bukan jaminan prestasi. Keputusan di bawah sepatutnya kelihatan serupa secara kualitatif, tetapi butirannya bergantung pada peranti yang dipilih dan ciri-cirinya, terutamanya ralat pengukuran dan diam, pada masa larian.

# Added by doQumentation — required packages for this notebook
!pip install -q matplotlib numpy qiskit qiskit-ibm-catalog qiskit-ibm-runtime

Keperluan

Pasang versi terkini bagi pakej berikut sebelum menjalankan tutorial ini:

• numpy

• matplotlib

• qiskit

• qiskit-ibm-runtime

• qiskit-ibm-catalog

pip install qiskit qiskit-ibm-runtime qiskit-ibm-catalog numpy matplotlib

Persediaan

Sahkan diri dengan IBM Quantum® Platform, muatkan ibm_aachen, dan muatkan Quantum Elements Orbit daripada Katalog Fungsi Qiskit. Imbasan lalai menilai 15 saiz litar, 20 rentetan bit disampel setiap saiz, dan tiga strategi. NUM_BATCH_JOBS=3 mempartisikan saiz merentas tiga tugasan dalam satu kelompok. Kurangkan N_VALUES atau M, atau tingkatkan NUM_BATCH_JOBS, jika tugasan litar-dinamik individu masih mencapai had memori kawalan-klasik backend. Kurangkan SHOTS apabila matlamatnya adalah untuk mengurangkan penggunaan pelaksanaan dan bukannya bilangan atau kerumitan litar.

import warnings
from collections import Counter, defaultdict

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from qiskit import (
    ClassicalRegister,
    QuantumCircuit,
    QuantumRegister,
    transpile,
)
from qiskit.circuit import IfElseOp
from qiskit.synthesis.qft import synth_qft_full
from qiskit_ibm_catalog import QiskitFunctionsCatalog
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Batch, QiskitRuntimeService

IBM_BACKEND_NAME = "ibm_aachen"

N_VALUES = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40]
M = 20
SHOTS = 1024
RNG_SEED = 12345
OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL = 0
NUM_BATCH_JOBS = 3
STRATEGY_LABELS = ("unitary/raw", "dynamic/raw", "dynamic/orbit")

def balanced_n_groups(
    n_values: list[int], num_jobs: int = 3
) -> list[list[int]]:
    values = sorted(n_values)
    if len(set(values)) != len(values):
        raise ValueError("N_VALUES must not contain duplicates")
    if not 1 <= num_jobs <= len(values):
        raise ValueError("NUM_BATCH_JOBS must be between 1 and len(N_VALUES)")

    max_group_size = (len(values) + num_jobs - 1) // num_jobs
    groups = [[] for _ in range(num_jobs)]
    loads = [0] * num_jobs
    pair_counts = [0] * num_jobs
    remaining = values.copy()

    while len(remaining) >= 2:
        candidates = [
            i
            for i, group in enumerate(groups)
            if len(group) + 2 <= max_group_size
        ]
        if not candidates:
            break
        smallest = remaining.pop(0)
        largest = remaining.pop()
        job_index = min(
            candidates, key=lambda i: (loads[i], len(groups[i]), i)
        )
        pair = (
            [largest, smallest]
            if pair_counts[job_index] % 2 == 0
            else [smallest, largest]
        )
        groups[job_index].extend(pair)
        loads[job_index] += smallest + largest
        pair_counts[job_index] += 1

    while remaining:
        value = remaining.pop()
        candidates = [
            i for i, group in enumerate(groups) if len(group) < max_group_size
        ]
        job_index = min(
            candidates, key=lambda i: (loads[i], len(groups[i]), i)
        )
        groups[job_index].append(value)
        loads[job_index] += value

    return groups

N_GROUPS = balanced_n_groups(N_VALUES, NUM_BATCH_JOBS)

service = QiskitRuntimeService(channel="ibm_quantum_platform")
backend = service.backend(IBM_BACKEND_NAME)
if "if_else" not in backend.target.operation_names:
    backend.target.add_instruction(IfElseOp, name="if_else")

catalog = QiskitFunctionsCatalog(channel="ibm_quantum_platform")
quantum_elements_orbit = catalog.load("quantum-elements/orbit")
if quantum_elements_orbit is None:
    raise RuntimeError(
        "Quantum Elements Orbit is not enabled for this IBM Quantum instance."
    )

required_qubits = max(N_VALUES)
if backend.num_qubits < required_qubits:
    raise ValueError(
        f"Backend {backend.name} has {backend.num_qubits} qubits, "
        f"but this benchmark needs at least {required_qubits}."
    )

{
    "backend": backend.name,
    "num_qubits": backend.num_qubits,
    "n_values": N_VALUES,
    "m": M,
    "shots": SHOTS,
    "num_function_jobs": NUM_BATCH_JOBS,
    "n_groups": N_GROUPS,
    "pubs_per_job": [
        len(group) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS) for group in N_GROUPS
    ],
    "total_pubs": len(N_VALUES) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS),
    "total_shots": len(N_VALUES) * M * len(STRATEGY_LABELS) * SHOTS,
}

qiskit_runtime_service._discover_account:WARNING:2026-07-21 15:57:39,310: Loading account with the given token. A saved account will not be used.

{'backend': 'ibm_aachen',
 'num_qubits': 156,
 'n_values': [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40],
 'm': 20,
 'shots': 1024,
 'num_function_jobs': 3,
 'n_groups': [[40, 2, 7, 15, 10], [35, 3, 6, 20, 9], [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]],
 'pubs_per_job': [300, 300, 300],
 'total_pubs': 900,
 'total_shots': 921600}

Bina litar QFT+M

Untuk setiap integer $x$ yang disampel, bit_inv_qft menyediakan keadaan produk $\mathrm{QFT}^\dagger|x\rangle$ dengan Hadamard diikuti putaran fasa. Notebook kemudian menambah sama ada QFT uniter standard atau setara QFT+M dinamik semiklasiknya.

Kedua-dua pelaksanaan mengabaikan rangkaian tukar-ganti akhir. Susunan paparan bit-klasik dalam Qiskit oleh itu menjadikan rentetan yang dijangka diukur adalah songsang bagi perwakilan binari berpad-sifar bagi $x$, yang dikodkan oleh format(x, f"0{n}b")[::-1].

def bit_inv_qft(circuit: QuantumCircuit, x: int, conv: str = "LSB") -> None:
    num_qubits = circuit.num_qubits
    circuit.h(range(num_qubits))
    for j in range(num_qubits):
        phase = (
            2 * np.pi * x / 2 ** (num_qubits - j)
            if conv == "LSB"
            else 2 * np.pi * x / 2 ** (j + 1)
        )
        circuit.p(-phase, j)

def build_unitary_qft_circuit(num_qubits: int, x: int) -> QuantumCircuit:
    if not 0 <= x < 2**num_qubits:
        raise ValueError(
            f"x={x} is outside the {num_qubits}-qubit basis range"
        )
    qreg = QuantumRegister(num_qubits, "q")
    creg = ClassicalRegister(num_qubits, "c")
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(qreg, creg, name=f"unitary_qft_{num_qubits}q")
    bit_inv_qft(circuit, x)
    circuit.append(
        synth_qft_full(num_qubits, do_swaps=False), range(num_qubits)
    )
    circuit.measure(range(num_qubits), range(num_qubits))
    return circuit

def _warn_if_precision_loss(max_num_entanglements: int) -> None:
    if max_num_entanglements > -np.finfo(float).minexp:
        warnings.warn(
            "precision loss in QFT."
            f" The rotation needed to represent {max_num_entanglements} entanglements"
            " is smaller than the smallest normal floating-point number.",
            category=RuntimeWarning,
            stacklevel=4,
        )

def synth_dynamic_qft(
    circuit: QuantumCircuit, *, do_swaps: bool = False
) -> QuantumCircuit:
    num_qubits = circuit.num_qubits
    creg = circuit.cregs[0]
    _warn_if_precision_loss(num_qubits - 1)

    for j in reversed(range(num_qubits)):
        circuit.h(j)
        circuit.measure([j], [j])

        if j > 0:
            with circuit.if_test((creg[j], 1)):
                for k in reversed(range(j)):
                    circuit.p(np.pi * (2.0 ** (k - j)), k)

    if do_swaps:
        for i in range(num_qubits // 2):
            circuit.swap(i, num_qubits - i - 1)
    return circuit

def build_dynamic_qft_circuit(num_qubits: int, x: int) -> QuantumCircuit:
    if not 0 <= x < 2**num_qubits:
        raise ValueError(
            f"x={x} is outside the {num_qubits}-qubit basis range"
        )
    qreg = QuantumRegister(num_qubits, "q")
    creg = ClassicalRegister(num_qubits, "c")
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(qreg, creg, name=f"dynamic_qft_{num_qubits}q")
    bit_inv_qft(circuit, x)
    synth_dynamic_qft(circuit, do_swaps=False)
    return circuit

def target_output_bitstring(x: int, n_qubits: int) -> str:
    return format(int(x), f"0{n_qubits}b")[::-1]

def process_fidelity_from_success_probabilities(
    success_probabilities: list[float],
) -> float:
    m = len(success_probabilities)
    if m <= 1:
        raise ValueError(
            "m must be larger than 1 for the process-fidelity estimator"
        )
    succ = np.asarray(success_probabilities, dtype=float)
    return float(
        (m / (m - 1)) * (np.mean(np.sqrt(succ)) ** 2)
        - np.sum(succ) / (m * (m - 1))
    )

Pilih qubit fizikal litar dinamik

Pelaksanaan dinamik tidak memerlukan get dua-qubit, jadi qubit fizikalnya tidak perlu membentuk subgraf yang tersambung. Untuk setiap saiz litar, pemilih ini menyusun qubit backend semasa menggunakan skor yang diberi berat 80% terhadap ralat bacaan yang lebih rendah dan 10% masing-masing terhadap $T_1$ dan $T_2$ yang lebih tinggi. Ia mula-mula memilih qubit berskor tinggi tanpa gandingan langsung antara mereka apabila boleh, yang boleh mengurangkan pendedahan kepada crosstalk jiran-terdekat, dan kemudian mengisi mana-mana kedudukan yang tinggal mengikut skor.

Varian dynamic/raw dan dynamic/orbit menggunakan susun atur terpilih yang sama tepat untuk saiz tertentu, menjadikan perbandingan mereka terkawal-susun-atur. Litar unitary/raw pula dipetakan dan dilaluikan oleh transpiler kerana ia memerlukan konektiviti dua-qubit. Pemilihan berasaskan kalibrasi masa-larian ini adalah khusus untuk tutorial ini; ia bukan susun atur tetap 40-qubit ibm_kyiv yang digunakan untuk eksperimen Rajah 2a kertas asal.

def value_from_property(raw):
    if raw is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(raw, tuple):
        return raw[0]
    return getattr(raw, "value", raw)

def qubit_property_value(properties, qubit: int, *names: str) -> float | None:
    for name in names:
        try:
            value = value_from_property(
                properties.qubit_property(qubit, name)
            )
        except Exception:
            value = None
        if value is not None:
            return float(value)
    return None

def measurement_error(properties, qubit: int) -> float | None:
    readout = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "readout_error")
    if readout is not None:
        return readout
    p01 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "prob_meas0_prep1")
    p10 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "prob_meas1_prep0")
    if p01 is not None and p10 is not None:
        return 0.5 * (p01 + p10)
    return None

def coupling_edges(backend) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
    coupling_map = getattr(backend, "coupling_map", None)
    if coupling_map is not None:
        try:
            return [(int(a), int(b)) for a, b in coupling_map.get_edges()]
        except Exception:
            pass
    built = backend.target.build_coupling_map()
    return [(int(a), int(b)) for a, b in built.get_edges()]

def neighbor_map(backend) -> dict[int, set[int]]:
    neighbors = {qubit: set() for qubit in range(backend.num_qubits)}
    for a, b in coupling_edges(backend):
        neighbors[a].add(b)
        neighbors[b].add(a)
    return neighbors

def anchored_score(
    value: float | None, *, good: float, bad: float, higher_is_better: bool
) -> float:
    if value is None:
        return 0.0
    if higher_is_better:
        low, high = sorted((bad, good))
        score = (value - low) / (high - low)
    else:
        low, high = sorted((good, bad))
        score = (high - value) / (high - low)
    return float(min(1.0, max(0.0, score)))

def qubit_metrics(backend) -> list[dict]:
    properties = backend.properties()
    rows = []
    for qubit in range(backend.num_qubits):
        t1 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "T1", "t1")
        t2 = qubit_property_value(properties, qubit, "T2", "t2")
        meas_error = measurement_error(properties, qubit)
        measurement_score = anchored_score(
            meas_error, good=0.005, bad=0.05, higher_is_better=False
        )
        t1_score = anchored_score(
            t1, good=0.00025, bad=0.00005, higher_is_better=True
        )
        t2_score = anchored_score(
            t2, good=0.00025, bad=0.00005, higher_is_better=True
        )
        rows.append(
            {
                "qubit": qubit,
                "t1": t1,
                "t2": t2,
                "measurement_error": meas_error,
                "score": 0.8 * measurement_score
                + 0.1 * t1_score
                + 0.1 * t2_score,
            }
        )
    return sorted(rows, key=lambda row: row["score"], reverse=True)

def select_dynamic_qubits(backend, n_qubits: int) -> list[int]:
    ranked = qubit_metrics(backend)
    neighbors = neighbor_map(backend)
    selected = []
    blocked = set()
    for row in ranked:
        qubit = row["qubit"]
        if qubit in blocked:
            continue
        selected.append(qubit)
        blocked.add(qubit)
        blocked.update(neighbors.get(qubit, set()))
        if len(selected) == n_qubits:
            return selected

    for row in ranked:
        qubit = row["qubit"]
        if qubit not in selected:
            selected.append(qubit)
        if len(selected) == n_qubits:
            return selected
    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not select {n_qubits} physical qubits")

print("The top 3 qubits (according to our scoring): ")
print(qubit_metrics(backend)[0:3])
print("Worst  3 qubits (according to our scoring): ")
print(qubit_metrics(backend)[-3:])

The top 3 qubits (according to our scoring): 
[{'qubit': 0, 't1': 0.0002514242577986401, 't2': 0.00037559012475638467, 'measurement_error': 0.0028076171875, 'score': 1.0}, {'qubit': 20, 't1': 0.0002526252407383437, 't2': 0.00038493543771861573, 'measurement_error': 0.00390625, 'score': 1.0}, {'qubit': 25, 't1': 0.0002712841332005567, 't2': 0.00025793268824583597, 'measurement_error': 0.0040283203125, 'score': 1.0}]
Worst  3 qubits (according to our scoring): 
[{'qubit': 146, 't1': 7.619772882181663e-05, 't2': 0.00014166983578724752, 'measurement_error': 0.0802001953125, 'score': 0.05893378230453208}, {'qubit': 51, 't1': 0.00014200221819602618, 't2': 1.930870507157441e-06, 'measurement_error': 0.054443359375, 'score': 0.04600110909801309}, {'qubit': 35, 't1': 7.116087485472031e-05, 't2': 9.463696242928626e-05, 'measurement_error': 0.14501953125, 'score': 0.03289891864200328}]

Sediakan PUB penanda aras

Untuk setiap pasangan (N, x), notebook mentranspilasi litar logik terlebih dahulu dan mencipta satu PUB Sampler untuk setiap strategi:

• unitary/raw: QFT+M uniter pada susun atur terpilih transpiler, dengan penghalaan seperti diperlukan dan tanpa DD atau MEM Orbit.

• dynamic/raw: QFT+M dinamik pada qubit fizikal terpilih-kalibrasi, tanpa DD atau MEM Orbit.

• dynamic/orbit: litar dinamik yang sama yang telah ditranspilasi pada qubit fizikal yang sama, dengan DD dan MEM Orbit didayakan.

PUB dipertingkat-Orbit menggunakan transpilation_mode="validate" kerana pemetaannya telah pun dipilih. Orbit mengesahkan litar fizikal yang dibekalkan dan bukannya memetakannya semula, kemudian menggunakan saluran paip DD dan MEMnya. Oleh kerana hanya lengkung dinamik dipertingkat yang meminta MEM, ia tidak sepatutnya ditafsirkan sebagai perbandingan DD-berbanding-tiada-DD yang terpencil.

PUB, pilihan setiap-PUB, dan rekod keputusan disimpan mengikut indeks tugasan-kelompok. Untuk setiap $N$ tetap, PUB unitary/raw, dynamic/raw, dan dynamic/orbit disimpan bersama dalam tugasan yang sama. Pembantu pengelompokan ini memasangkan saiz litar besar dan kecil, menyilih susunannya, dan mengimbangi jumlah $N$ merentas ketiga-tiga tugasan sebagai proksi mudah untuk beban kerja kawalan-klasik.

strategy_options = {
    "unitary/raw": {"mode": "raw"},
    "dynamic/raw": {"mode": "raw"},
    "dynamic/orbit": {"mode": "orbit", "transpilation_mode": "validate"},
}
rng = np.random.default_rng(RNG_SEED)
pubs_by_job = [[] for _ in N_GROUPS]
pub_options_by_job = [[] for _ in N_GROUPS]
pub_records_by_job = [[] for _ in N_GROUPS]
layout_summary = {}

target_decimals_by_n = {
    n_qubits: [int(x) for x in rng.integers(0, 2**n_qubits, size=M)]
    for n_qubits in N_VALUES
}

for job_index, n_group in enumerate(N_GROUPS):
    for n_qubits in n_group:
        dynamic_qubits = select_dynamic_qubits(backend, n_qubits)
        layout_summary[str(n_qubits)] = {"dynamic_qubits": dynamic_qubits}

        for x in target_decimals_by_n[n_qubits]:
            target_bitstring = target_output_bitstring(x, n_qubits)
            unitary_logical = build_unitary_qft_circuit(n_qubits, x)
            dynamic_logical = build_dynamic_qft_circuit(n_qubits, x)

            unitary_transpiled = transpile(
                unitary_logical,
                backend=backend,
                optimization_level=OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL,
                seed_transpiler=RNG_SEED,
            )
            dynamic_transpiled = transpile(
                dynamic_logical,
                backend=backend,
                optimization_level=OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL,
                seed_transpiler=RNG_SEED,
                initial_layout=dynamic_qubits,
            )

            circuits_by_label = {
                "unitary/raw": unitary_transpiled,
                "dynamic/raw": dynamic_transpiled,
                "dynamic/orbit": dynamic_transpiled,
            }
            for label in STRATEGY_LABELS:
                circuit = circuits_by_label[label]
                options = dict(strategy_options[label])
                pubs_by_job[job_index].append((circuit, None, SHOTS))
                pub_options_by_job[job_index].append(options)
                pub_records_by_job[job_index].append(
                    {
                        "job_index": job_index,
                        "n_qubits": n_qubits,
                        "target_decimal": x,
                        "target_bitstring": target_bitstring,
                        "label": label,
                        "pub_options": options,
                        "dynamic_qubits": (
                            dynamic_qubits
                            if label.startswith("dynamic/")
                            else None
                        ),
                        "transpiled_depth": circuit.depth(),
                        "transpiled_size": circuit.size(),
                    }
                )

{
    "num_function_jobs": len(N_GROUPS),
    "n_groups": {
        job_index: group for job_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "n_load_per_job": {
        job_index: sum(group) for job_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "pubs_per_job": {
        job_index: len(pubs) for job_index, pubs in enumerate(pubs_by_job)
    },
    "expected_executions_per_job": {
        job_index: len(pubs) * SHOTS
        for job_index, pubs in enumerate(pubs_by_job)
    },
    "first_pub_record_by_job": {
        job_index: records[0]
        for job_index, records in enumerate(pub_records_by_job)
    },
    "largest_dynamic_qubit_set": layout_summary[str(max(N_VALUES))][
        "dynamic_qubits"
    ],
}

{'num_function_jobs': 3,
 'n_groups': {0: [40, 2, 7, 15, 10],
  1: [35, 3, 6, 20, 9],
  2: [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]},
 'n_load_per_job': {0: 74, 1: 73, 2: 72},
 'pubs_per_job': {0: 300, 1: 300, 2: 300},
 'expected_executions_per_job': {0: 307200, 1: 307200, 2: 307200},
 'first_pub_record_by_job': {0: {'job_index': 0,
   'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 853235401719,
   'target_bitstring': '1110111111000000110100110001010101100011',
   'label': 'unitary/raw',
   'pub_options': {'mode': 'raw'},
   'dynamic_qubits': None,
   'transpiled_depth': 4778,
   'transpiled_size': 28259},
  1: {'job_index': 1,
   'n_qubits': 35,
   'target_decimal': 26888951661,
   'target_bitstring': '10110110111010110010110101000010011',
   'label': 'unitary/raw',
   'pub_options': {'mode': 'raw'},
   'dynamic_qubits': None,
   'transpiled_depth': 3614,
   'transpiled_size': 21204},
  2: {'job_index': 2,
   'n_qubits': 30,
   'target_decimal': 620442965,
   'target_bitstring': '101010101010110011011111001001',
   'label': 'unitary/raw',
   'pub_options': {'mode': 'raw'},
   'dynamic_qubits': None,
   'transpiled_depth': 2835,
   'transpiled_size': 15078}},
 'largest_dynamic_qubit_set': [0,
  20,
  25,
  27,
  33,
  59,
  74,
  80,
  95,
  144,
  151,
  155,
  79,
  90,
  60,
  68,
  114,
  107,
  13,
  126,
  133,
  103,
  3,
  87,
  53,
  41,
  130,
  5,
  98,
  135,
  153,
  15,
  116,
  45,
  7,
  48,
  136,
  11,
  147,
  77]}

Jalankan penanda aras

Cipta satu kelompok, kemudian hantar tiga tugasan fungsi Orbit ke dalamnya.

Tugasan dipartisikan mengikut kumpulan bilangan-qubit supaya ketiga-tiga strategi untuk $N$ tetap boleh dibandingkan. Ini bermakna, semua 60 PUB untuk $N$ tetap — 20 input tersampel didarab tiga strategi — dengan itu dilaksanakan dalam tugasan yang sama dan boleh dibandingkan sesaksama mungkin (jika tidak, sekiranya dijalankan dalam tugasan berbeza, peranti boleh mengalami hanyut semasa dalam baris gilir). Kumpulan lalai menggabungkan litar besar dan kecil dan mengandungi 300 PUB setiap satu, mengurangkan kemungkinan satu tugasan mengumpul semua program dinamik terbesar sambil mengekalkan perbandingan dalam-tugasan.

runtime_batch = Batch(backend=backend)
jobs = []
try:
    for job_index, pubs in enumerate(pubs_by_job):
        jobs.append(
            quantum_elements_orbit.run(
                primitive="sampler",
                pubs=pubs,
                backend_name=backend.name,
                options={
                    "pub_options": pub_options_by_job[job_index],
                    "save_backend_info": True,
                },
            )
        )
except Exception:
    runtime_batch.close()
    raise

{
    "runtime_batch_id": runtime_batch.session_id,
    "jobs": {
        job_index: {
            "backend": backend.name,
            "function_job_id": job.job_id,
            "status": job.status(),
            "n_values": N_GROUPS[job_index],
            "num_pubs": len(pubs_by_job[job_index]),
        }
        for job_index, job in enumerate(jobs)
    },
}

{'runtime_batch_id': '80120e36-436d-46c7-96c9-597ec86060c1',
 'jobs': {0: {'backend': 'ibm_aachen',
   'function_job_id': '2b6b05ac-0136-40f0-94bf-ade5658f5f4f',
   'status': 'QUEUED',
   'n_values': [40, 2, 7, 15, 10],
   'num_pubs': 300},
  1: {'backend': 'ibm_aachen',
   'function_job_id': '4f046fd4-80e4-460b-87c7-e7252691f764',
   'status': 'QUEUED',
   'n_values': [35, 3, 6, 20, 9],
   'num_pubs': 300},
  2: {'backend': 'ibm_aachen',
   'function_job_id': '6d70d64d-fa38-4ca2-9cbd-ffda5d8c99be',
   'status': 'QUEUED',
   'n_values': [30, 4, 5, 25, 8],
   'num_pubs': 300}}}

Dapatkan keputusan dan kira kesetiaan proses

Dapatkan dan sahkan setiap keputusan kumpulan-qubit secara berasingan, kemudian gabungkan ketiga-tiga aliran tugasan melalui rekod terindeks-tugasan mereka. Kelompok ini dikekalkan terbuka sementara semua keputusan fungsi diminta dan ditutup dalam blok finally selepas setiap tugasan telah dicuba. Untuk setiap PUB, $p_x$ ialah kebarangkalian yang diberikan kepada rentetan bit yang dijangka. extract_counts membaca kiraan yang dikembalikan kepada pemanggil; untuk dynamic/orbit, ini adalah kiraan yang diselaraskan-MEM apabila mitigasi berjaya. extract_raw_counts juga memulihkan kiraan tidak dimitigasi yang sepadan yang direkodkan dalam metadata Orbit. Kod ini mengumpulkan 20 nilai $p_x$ untuk setiap pasangan (N, label) dan menggunakan penganggar yang diperkenalkan di atas.

Kamus process_fidelity yang diplot oleh itu menggunakan kiraan mentah untuk unitary/raw dan dynamic/raw, tetapi kiraan yang diselaraskan-MEM untuk dynamic/orbit. Kamus selari raw_process_fidelity mengekalkan pengiraan tidak dimitigasi untuk setiap strategi dan berguna apabila memisahkan kesan MEM daripada baki saluran paip Orbit. MEM membetulkan histogram output yang dikembalikan; ia tidak boleh mengubah secara retroaktif keputusan pengukuran pertengahan-litar yang telah pun digunakan oleh gerak maju hadapan masa-nyata.

def extract_counts(pub_result) -> dict[str, int]:
    data = getattr(pub_result, "data", None)
    if data is None:
        raise TypeError("pub_result.data is missing")

    for name in dir(data):
        if name.startswith("_"):
            continue
        register = getattr(data, name)
        get_counts = getattr(register, "get_counts", None)
        if callable(get_counts):
            counts = get_counts()
            if counts:
                return counts

    raise TypeError(
        "No classical register with get_counts() found in pub_result.data"
    )

def extract_raw_counts(pub_result) -> dict[str, int]:
    orbit_metadata = pub_result.metadata.get("quantum_elements_orbit", {})
    mem_report = orbit_metadata.get("measurementErrorMitigation", {})
    return mem_report.get("rawCounts") or extract_counts(pub_result)

def probability_for_bitstring(
    counts: dict[str, int], bitstring: str, n_qubits: int
) -> float:
    total = sum(counts.values())
    if total <= 0:
        return 0.0
    normalized = Counter()
    for measured, count in counts.items():
        key = measured.replace(" ", "")[-n_qubits:].zfill(n_qubits)
        normalized[key] += count
    return float(normalized.get(bitstring, 0) / total)

results_by_job = {}
job_failures = []
try:
    for job_index, job in enumerate(jobs):
        try:
            job_result = job.result()
        except Exception as exc:
            job_logs = getattr(job, "logs", lambda: "")()
            if job_logs:
                print(f"Logs for job {job_index} ({job.job_id}):\n{job_logs}")
            job_failures.append(
                f"job {job_index} ({job.job_id}) failed: {type(exc).__name__}: {exc}"
            )
            continue

        expected_results = len(pub_records_by_job[job_index])
        if len(job_result) != expected_results:
            job_failures.append(
                f"job {job_index} ({job.job_id}) returned {len(job_result)} PUB results; "
                f"expected {expected_results}"
            )
            continue
        results_by_job[job_index] = job_result
finally:
    runtime_batch.close()

if job_failures:
    raise RuntimeError(
        "One or more batched Orbit jobs failed:\n" + "\n".join(job_failures)
    )

grouped_success = defaultdict(list)
grouped_raw_success = defaultdict(list)
pub_summaries = []

for job_index, job_result in sorted(results_by_job.items()):
    records = pub_records_by_job[job_index]
    for record, pub_result in zip(records, job_result, strict=True):
        label = record["label"]
        n_qubits = record["n_qubits"]
        counts = extract_counts(pub_result)
        raw_counts = extract_raw_counts(pub_result)
        success = probability_for_bitstring(
            counts, record["target_bitstring"], n_qubits
        )
        raw_success = probability_for_bitstring(
            raw_counts, record["target_bitstring"], n_qubits
        )
        key = (n_qubits, label)
        grouped_success[key].append(success)
        grouped_raw_success[key].append(raw_success)

        orbit_report = pub_result.metadata.get("quantum_elements_orbit", {})
        mem_report = orbit_report.get("measurementErrorMitigation", {})
        pub_summaries.append(
            {
                **record,
                "function_job_id": jobs[job_index].job_id,
                "runtime_batch_id": runtime_batch.session_id,
                "success_probability": success,
                "raw_success_probability": raw_success,
                "orbit_mode": orbit_report.get("mode"),
                "transpilation_mode": orbit_report.get("transpilationMode"),
                "physical_layout": orbit_report.get("physicalLayout"),
                "dd_status": orbit_report.get("status", "not_applied"),
                "num_sequences_added": orbit_report.get(
                    "numSequencesAdded", 0
                ),
                "num_gaps_filled": orbit_report.get("numGapsFilled", 0),
                "dynamic_dd_seq": orbit_report.get("dynamicDdSeq"),
                "mem_status": mem_report.get("status", "not_requested"),
                "warnings": orbit_report.get("warnings", [])
                + mem_report.get("warnings", []),
            }
        )

process_fidelity = defaultdict(dict)
raw_process_fidelity = defaultdict(dict)
mean_success_probability = defaultdict(dict)
raw_mean_success_probability = defaultdict(dict)

for (n_qubits, label), probabilities in sorted(grouped_success.items()):
    n_key = str(n_qubits)
    process_fidelity[n_key][label] = (
        process_fidelity_from_success_probabilities(probabilities)
    )
    mean_success_probability[n_key][label] = float(np.mean(probabilities))

for (n_qubits, label), probabilities in sorted(grouped_raw_success.items()):
    n_key = str(n_qubits)
    raw_process_fidelity[n_key][label] = (
        process_fidelity_from_success_probabilities(probabilities)
    )
    raw_mean_success_probability[n_key][label] = float(np.mean(probabilities))

process_fidelity = dict(process_fidelity)
raw_process_fidelity = dict(raw_process_fidelity)
mean_success_probability = dict(mean_success_probability)
raw_mean_success_probability = dict(raw_mean_success_probability)

{
    "runtime_batch_id": runtime_batch.session_id,
    "function_job_ids": {
        job_index: job.job_id for job_index, job in enumerate(jobs)
    },
    "n_groups": {
        job_index: group for job_index, group in enumerate(N_GROUPS)
    },
    "process_fidelity": process_fidelity,
    "mean_success_probability": mean_success_probability,
}

{'runtime_batch_id': '80120e36-436d-46c7-96c9-597ec86060c1',
 'function_job_ids': {0: '2b6b05ac-0136-40f0-94bf-ade5658f5f4f',
  1: '4f046fd4-80e4-460b-87c7-e7252691f764',
  2: '6d70d64d-fa38-4ca2-9cbd-ffda5d8c99be'},
 'n_groups': {0: [40, 2, 7, 15, 10],
  1: [35, 3, 6, 20, 9],
  2: [30, 4, 5, 25, 8]},
 'process_fidelity': {'2': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.9870551835473073,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.9912537998030566,
   'unitary/raw': 0.9884650767434809},
  '3': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.9662998634131841,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.9699631603283018,
   'unitary/raw': 0.9388637172865901},
  '4': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.9271266520750502,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.7334377020091254,
   'unitary/raw': 0.9010122207121433},
  '5': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.8883501513887149,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.6577660260669806,
   'unitary/raw': 0.7806443417987445},
  '6': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.8524225652033044,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.4444025126308521,
   'unitary/raw': 0.7167426842521228},
  '7': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.832962085697061,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.2253787798698553,
   'unitary/raw': 0.5746335601063436},
  '8': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.7881895956180588,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.16909516699831612,
   'unitary/raw': 0.5408263851227074},
  '9': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.7422635627368794,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0242474245097341,
   'unitary/raw': 0.4855953298367578},
  '10': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.7002274273149545,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.033718865729016285,
   'unitary/raw': 0.3607634828181049},
  '15': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.4694995355699914,
   'dynamic/raw': 7.70970394736842e-05,
   'unitary/raw': 0.054582117352985286},
  '20': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.24118032284867608,
   'dynamic/raw': 4.235164736271502e-22,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '25': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.027122712989729438,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '30': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0003581886014704875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '35': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '40': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0}},
 'mean_success_probability': {'2': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.987060546875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.991259765625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.9884765625},
  '3': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.96630859375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.969970703125,
   'unitary/raw': 0.939013671875},
  '4': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.9271484375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.7337890625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.901318359375},
  '5': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.88837890625,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.657861328125,
   'unitary/raw': 0.78115234375},
  '6': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.85244140625,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.44453125,
   'unitary/raw': 0.71728515625},
  '7': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.8330078125,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.22568359375,
   'unitary/raw': 0.575390625},
  '8': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.788232421875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.169189453125,
   'unitary/raw': 0.541796875},
  '9': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.742333984375,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0244140625,
   'unitary/raw': 0.487353515625},
  '10': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.70029296875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.033935546875,
   'unitary/raw': 0.363037109375},
  '15': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.4697265625,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.00029296875,
   'unitary/raw': 0.055615234375},
  '20': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.241357421875,
   'dynamic/raw': 4.8828125e-05,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '25': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.041015625, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '30': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0013671875,
   'dynamic/raw': 0.0,
   'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '35': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0},
  '40': {'dynamic/orbit': 0.0, 'dynamic/raw': 0.0, 'unitary/raw': 0.0}}}

Periksa metadata DD Orbit

Ringkasan di bawah memeriksa metadata PUB dynamic/orbit dan bukannya menganggap bahawa DD yang diminta telah disisipkan. Periksa status, urutan DD dinamik yang dilaporkan, amaran, dan bilangan jurang yang diisi serta urutan yang ditambah. Sisipan yang berjaya sepatutnya menghasilkan kiraan bukan-sifar untuk sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian PUB, tetapi nilai sebenar bergantung pada litar yang dijadualkan, kekangan pemasaan backend, dan saiz litar. Metadata ini menerangkan urutan terapan Orbit; ia tidak sepatutnya dilabel sebagai protokol FC-DD kertas asal melainkan laporan secara eksplisit menetapkan kesetaraan tersebut.

dd_summary = defaultdict(lambda: Counter())
sequence_totals = defaultdict(int)
warning_examples = []

for summary in pub_summaries:
    if summary["label"] != "dynamic/orbit":
        continue
    n_key = str(summary["n_qubits"])
    dd_summary[n_key][summary["dd_status"]] += 1
    sequence_totals[n_key] += int(summary.get("num_sequences_added") or 0)
    if summary.get("warnings") and len(warning_examples) < 5:
        warning_examples.append(
            {
                "n_qubits": summary["n_qubits"],
                "target_decimal": summary["target_decimal"],
                "warnings": summary["warnings"],
            }
        )

{
    "dynamic_orbit_dd_status_counts": {
        key: dict(value) for key, value in dd_summary.items()
    },
    "dynamic_orbit_sequences_added": dict(sequence_totals),
    "warning_examples": warning_examples,
}

{'dynamic_orbit_dd_status_counts': {'40': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '2': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '7': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '15': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '10': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '35': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '3': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '6': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '20': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '9': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '30': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '4': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '5': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '25': {'dd_inserted': 20},
  '8': {'dd_inserted': 20}},
 'dynamic_orbit_sequences_added': {'40': 31200,
  '2': 40,
  '7': 840,
  '15': 4200,
  '10': 1800,
  '35': 23800,
  '3': 120,
  '6': 600,
  '20': 7600,
  '9': 1440,
  '30': 17400,
  '4': 240,
  '5': 400,
  '25': 12000,
  '8': 1120},
 'warning_examples': [{'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 853235401719,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 954673909846,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 524641045908,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 185651043478,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']},
  {'n_qubits': 40,
   'target_decimal': 587114273567,
   'warnings': ['Post-DD x/y pulses are rewritten into the target basis (e.g. sx) for ISA compliance; this shifts exact pulse timing within each gap, so DD spacing is approximate. A future release will emit native pulses directly.',
    'MEM was applied unconditionally to the returned output bitstring without inferring whether each bit came from a terminal measurement or a mid-circuit measurement. This is meaningful for bits intended as circuit outputs, but Orbit does not retroactively or in real time change conditional branches that used unmitigated measurement results.']}]}

Plot lengkung kesetiaan-proses

Plot ini menunjukkan anggaran titik kesetiaan-proses QFT+M tersampel berbanding bilangan qubit untuk ketiga-tiga strategi. dynamic/raw dan dynamic/orbit berkongsi susun atur fizikal pada setiap saiz; unitary/raw menggunakan susun atur dan penghalaan transpiler.

Tidak seperti Rajah 2a, plot ini tidak menunjukkan lengkung uniter-dengan-DD atau jalur ketidakpastian, dan lengkung mentahnya tidak dimitigasi-bacaan. Ia paling baik dibaca sebagai perbandingan penskalaan bergaya-Rajah-2a untuk aliran kerja Orbit ini, bukan sebagai penghasilan semula langsung lengkung yang diterbitkan.

from datetime import datetime
from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo

closed_at = runtime_batch.details()["closed_at"]  # "2026-07-22T00:08:54.89Z"
closed_dt = datetime.fromisoformat(closed_at.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
closed_local = closed_dt.astimezone(ZoneInfo("America/Los_Angeles"))

labels = ["dynamic/orbit", "dynamic/raw", "unitary/raw"]
colors = {
    "dynamic/orbit": "#26735b",
    "dynamic/raw": "#9b1c31",
    "unitary/raw": "#6e6e6e",
}
pretty_labels = {
    "dynamic/orbit": "Dynamic QFT+M with Orbit",
    "dynamic/raw": "Dynamic QFT+M",
    "unitary/raw": "Unitary QFT+M",
}

series = []
for label in labels:
    values = [process_fidelity[str(n)][label] for n in N_VALUES]
    log_values = [value if value > 0.0 else float("nan") for value in values]
    series.append((label, values, log_values))

nonzero_values = [
    value
    for _, _, log_values in series
    for value in log_values
    if value > 0.0
]
if not nonzero_values:
    raise RuntimeError(
        "No nonzero process-fidelity values found for log inset"
    )
log_floor = min(nonzero_values) / 2

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9.8, 5.6))
for label, values, _ in series:
    ax.plot(
        N_VALUES,
        values,
        marker="o",
        linewidth=2.0,
        markersize=5,
        color=colors[label],
        label=pretty_labels[label],
    )

ax.set_xlabel("N qubits")
ax.set_ylabel("Process fidelity")
finished_time_for_title = globals().get("finished_local", closed_local)
ax.set_title(
    f"Dynamic QFT Orbit results on {IBM_BACKEND_NAME}\n"
    f"Job finished {finished_time_for_title:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M %Z}"
)
ax.set_xticks(N_VALUES)
ax.set_ylim(bottom=0)
ax.grid(axis="both", alpha=0.25)
ax.legend(loc="upper right")

inset = ax.inset_axes([0.53, 0.31, 0.44, 0.43])
for label, _, log_values in series:
    inset.plot(
        N_VALUES,
        log_values,
        marker="o",
        linewidth=2.0,
        markersize=5,
        color=colors[label],
    )
inset.set_yscale("log")
inset.set_ylim(bottom=log_floor)
inset.set_xlim(min(N_VALUES), max(N_VALUES))
inset.set_title("Log scale; zeros omitted", fontsize=9)
inset.grid(axis="both", alpha=0.25)
inset.tick_params(axis="both", labelsize=8)
inset.patch.set_alpha(0.96)

fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Rujukan

1. E. Bäumer et al., "Quantum Fourier Transform Using Dynamic Circuits," arXiv:2403.09514; Physical Review Letters 133, 150602 (2024)

2. Pengenalan kepada Fungsi Qiskit

3. Had Quantum Compute untuk pembolehubah stretch

4. Kod ralat IBM Quantum: 6073

5. Jalankan tugasan dalam kelompok

Langkah seterusnya

• Lihat dokumentasi panduan Orbit dan rujukan API.

• Cuba backend yang berbeza, susun atur alternatif, atau uji urutan penyahkupelan dinamik alternatif yang didayakan-orbit dengan mengubah pilihan dd_strategy. Ingat bahawa disebabkan sifat eksperimental litar dinamik, anda perlu berhati-hati dengan kemungkinan mod kegagalan tugasan (lihat [3] dan [4]). Jika anda menemui nilai stretch negatif [3], cuba urutan DD yang lebih kecil (denyutan lebih sedikit). Jika anda menemui [4], tingkatkan NUM_BATCH_JOBS, kurangkan M, atau kurangkan nilai terbesar dalam N_VALUES.