Pengoptimuman pelbagai objektif anggaran kuantum

Anggaran penggunaan: 10 minit pada pemproses Heron r2 (NOTA: Ini hanyalah anggaran. Masa larian anda mungkin berbeza.)

Hasil pembelajaran

Tutorial ini menyelesaikan masalah pengoptimuman portfolio yang dikekang kardinaliti: dengan kekangan memegang tepat $K$ aset, seimbangkan objektif risiko, pulangan, dan kepelbagaian untuk mencari set portfolio optimum.

Selepas melengkapkan tutorial ini, anda boleh menjangka untuk memahami:

• Cara menyatakan masalah pemilihan portfolio dengan tiga objektif yang bersaing — risiko rendah, pulangan tinggi, dan kepelbagaian yang baik — sebagai masalah pengoptimuman kuantum.

• Cara satu litar QAOA, yang disapu merentasi set pemberat objektif, menjejak barisan hadapan Pareto bagi portfolio imbal-balik yang optimum.

• Cara pencampur XY mengekalkan carian di dalam subruang "pilih tepat K aset", jadi tiada sebutan penalti diperlukan dan kebolehlaksanaan dikuatkuasakan dengan pascapemilihan bitstring yang diukur.

• Cara melatih sudut litar dengan simulator keadaan hasil darab matriks pada skala yang terlalu besar untuk dioptimumkan secara tepat, mengikut Kotil et al. (arXiv:2503.22797).

Prasyarat

Anda disyorkan untuk biasa dengan:

• Aliran kerja corak Qiskit (petakan, optimumkan, laksanakan, pasca-proses).

• Asas QAOA.

Latar belakang

Pengurus portfolio jarang mengoptimumkan satu nombor sahaja. Mereka mahu pulangan tinggi, risiko (varians pulangan itu) rendah, dan pegangan tersebar merentasi sektor supaya portfolio tidak terlalu terdedah kepada mana-mana satu bahagian pasaran. Matlamat ini saling bertentangan: aset dengan pulangan tertinggi selalunya paling tidak menentu, dan menumpukan pada satu sektor panas menjejaskan kepelbagaian.

Tiada portfolio "terbaik" yang tunggal. Sebaliknya terdapat barisan hadapan Pareto: set portfolio yang mana anda tidak boleh memperbaik satu objektif tanpa mengorbankan yang lain. Matlamat kita ialah memetakan barisan itu supaya pembuat keputusan boleh memilih imbal-balik yang disukainya.

Kita menggubal masalah ini sebagai memilih tepat $K$ aset daripada $N$ (setiap aset sama ada masuk atau keluar — satu qubit bagi setiap aset). Tiga Hamiltonian mengekod tiga objektif. Kita menggabungkannya dengan pemberat $c$ yang terletak pada simpleks (jumlahnya satu), dan Sampler QAOA memulangkan portfolio yang baik bagi setiap pilihan pemberat. Menyapu pemberat bermakna menyapu kepentingan relatif risiko berbanding pulangan berbanding kepelbagaian, dan kesatuan semua portfolio yang disampel menjejak barisan hadapan Pareto.

Mula-mula kita melalui keseluruhan aliran kerja pada contoh kecil lapan aset yang boleh kita sahkan dengan daya kasar, kemudian menjalankan kaedah yang sama pada contoh 40 aset yang bersaiz untuk perkakasan kuantum.

Tutorial ini mengajar aliran kerja (pemetaan, latihan sudut, pensampelan terkekang, dan pasca-pemprosesan Pareto), dan bukan menunjukkan kelebihan kuantum. Pada skala 40 aset yang digunakan di sini, pensampelan rawak seragam berprestasi lebih kurang sama baik dengan Sampler QAOA, dan kita menunjukkan perbandingan itu secara jelas.

Keperluan

Sebelum memulakan tutorial ini, pastikan anda telah memasang yang berikut:

• Qiskit SDK v2.0 atau lebih baharu, dengan sokongan visualisasi

• Qiskit Runtime v0.22 atau lebih baharu (pip install qiskit-ibm-runtime)

• Qiskit Aer (pip install qiskit-aer)

• Addon Qiskit pemeta Pengoptimuman (pip install qiskit-addon-opt-mapper) dan saluran paip latihan QAOA, dipinkan pada tag v0.1.0: pip install "git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/qaoa_training_pipeline.git@v0.1.0"

• moocore untuk pengiraan barisan hadapan Pareto dan hipervolum (pip install moocore)

Persediaan

Import pustaka yang digunakan sepanjang tutorial dan tetapkan benih rawak untuk kebolehulangan.

# Added by doQumentation — installs the packages this notebook needs if they are missing
import importlib.util

_needed = {"matplotlib": "matplotlib", "moocore": "moocore", "numpy": "numpy", "qaoa_training_pipeline": "qaoa-training-pipeline", "qiskit": "qiskit", "qiskit_addon_opt_mapper": "qiskit-addon-opt-mapper", "qiskit_aer": "qiskit-aer", "qiskit_ibm_runtime": "qiskit-ibm-runtime", "scipy": "scipy"}
_missing = [pip for module, pip in _needed.items()
            if importlib.util.find_spec(module) is None]
# One at a time, so a package that fails to install does not block the others
for _pip in _missing:
    %pip install -q {_pip}
if not _missing:
    print("\u2713 All required packages are installed")

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from math import comb
from moocore import hypervolume, filter_dominated, is_nondominated

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.circuit import ParameterVector
from qiskit.circuit.library import qaoa_ansatz
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_aer.primitives import SamplerV2 as AerSampler
from qiskit_addon_opt_mapper.problems import OptimizationProblem
from qaoa_training_pipeline.training import ScipyTrainer
from qaoa_training_pipeline.evaluation import (
    StatevectorEvaluator,
    MPSAerEvaluator,
)

np.random.seed(42)
sampler = AerSampler(seed=42)  # local simulator for the small-scale example
print("Setup complete.")

Setup complete.

Contoh simulator skala kecil

Kita bermula dengan lapan aset yang diambil daripada enam sektor dan memilih tepat $K=4$ daripadanya. Dengan hanya lapan aset, hanya ada $\binom{8}{4}=70$ portfolio sah, jadi kita boleh menyemak hasil kuantum kemudian dengan carian menyeluruh.

Langkah 1: Petakan input klasik kepada masalah kuantum

Setiap aset ialah satu qubit; bitstring seperti 10110010 ialah satu portfolio (angka 1 ialah aset yang kita pegang). Kita perlukan tiga bahan: data pasaran, tiga Hamiltonian objektif, dan litar yang hanya mencadangkan portfolio dengan tepat $K$ aset.

# --- Small-scale universe: 8 assets across 6 sectors ---
tickers = ["AAPL", "XOM", "JPM", "JNJ", "KO", "AMT", "AMZN", "SLB"]
sectors = [
    "Tech",
    "Energy",
    "Finance",
    "Health",
    "Staples",
    "REIT",
    "Tech",
    "Energy",
]
n_assets = len(tickers)
K = 4  # choose exactly K assets
n_obj = 3  # risk, return, diversification

# Annualized expected returns
mu = np.array([0.28, 0.12, 0.22, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.32, 0.15])

# Annualized covariance matrix (the "risk" model)
sigma = np.array(
    [
        [0.070, 0.010, 0.020, 0.008, 0.005, 0.012, 0.045, 0.011],
        [0.010, 0.065, 0.015, 0.006, 0.004, 0.008, 0.009, 0.050],
        [0.020, 0.015, 0.055, 0.010, 0.007, 0.015, 0.018, 0.014],
        [0.008, 0.006, 0.010, 0.030, 0.012, 0.009, 0.007, 0.005],
        [0.005, 0.004, 0.007, 0.012, 0.025, 0.006, 0.004, 0.003],
        [0.012, 0.008, 0.015, 0.009, 0.006, 0.045, 0.011, 0.007],
        [0.045, 0.009, 0.018, 0.007, 0.004, 0.011, 0.085, 0.010],
        [0.011, 0.050, 0.014, 0.005, 0.003, 0.007, 0.010, 0.072],
    ]
)

# Diversification score: number of cross-sector pairs in the portfolio.
# D[i,j] = 0.5 when assets i and j are in different sectors, so x^T D x counts
# the cross-sector pairs. More cross-sector pairs = better diversified.
D = np.array(
    [
        [1.0 if sectors[i] != sectors[j] else 0.0 for j in range(n_assets)]
        for i in range(n_assets)
    ]
)
np.fill_diagonal(D, 0.0)
D = D / 2

print(f"{n_assets} assets, choose K={K}, {n_obj} objectives")
for t, s, m in zip(tickers, sectors, mu):
    print(f"  {t:5s} ({s:8s})  expected return {m:5.0%}")

8 assets, choose K=4, 3 objectives
  AAPL  (Tech    )  expected return   28%
  XOM   (Energy  )  expected return   12%
  JPM   (Finance )  expected return   22%
  JNJ   (Health  )  expected return    5%
  KO    (Staples )  expected return    8%
  AMT   (REIT    )  expected return   10%
  AMZN  (Tech    )  expected return   32%
  SLB   (Energy  )  expected return   15%

# Each objective becomes a Hamiltonian whose lowest-energy bitstrings are the
# best portfolios for that objective. The opt-mapper turns a plain
# min/max problem over binary variables into the equivalent Ising operator.
def build_risk_hamiltonian(sigma, n):
    """Minimize portfolio variance x^T sigma x  (quadratic -> ZZ terms)."""
    prob = OptimizationProblem("risk")
    prob.binary_var_list(n)
    prob.minimize(quadratic=sigma)
    op, _ = prob.to_ising()
    return op.simplify()

def build_return_hamiltonian(mu, n):
    """Maximize expected return mu . x  (linear -> Z terms)."""
    prob = OptimizationProblem("return")
    prob.binary_var_list(n)
    prob.maximize(linear=mu)
    op, _ = prob.to_ising()
    return op.simplify()

def build_diversity_hamiltonian(D, n):
    """Maximize cross-sector pairs x^T D x  (quadratic -> ZZ terms)."""
    prob = OptimizationProblem("diversity")
    prob.binary_var_list(n)
    prob.maximize(quadratic=D)
    op, _ = prob.to_ising()
    return op.simplify()

H_risk = build_risk_hamiltonian(sigma, n_assets)
H_return = build_return_hamiltonian(mu, n_assets)
H_diversity = build_diversity_hamiltonian(D, n_assets)
cost_ops = [H_risk, H_return, H_diversity]

for name, op in zip(["risk", "return", "diversity"], cost_ops):
    print(f"H_{name:10s}: {op.size} Pauli terms")

H_risk      : 36 Pauli terms
H_return    : 8 Pauli terms
H_diversity : 34 Pauli terms

Menguatkuasakan "tepat K aset" tanpa penalti. Helah biasa ialah menambah sebutan penalti yang menghukum portfolio bersaiz salah, tetapi itu menggandingkan setiap qubit dengan setiap qubit lain, yang membawa kepada litar yang jauh lebih dalam selepas transpilasi. Sebaliknya kita menggunakan pencampur XY, yang hanya menggerakkan keadaan QAOA antara bitstring yang berberat Hamming sama. Jika kita bermula dalam keadaan yang sudah mempunyai $K$ aset terpilih, setiap portfolio yang diterokai litar juga mempunyai tepat $K$ aset. Kekangan itu dibina ke dalam struktur litar dan bukannya dikuatkuasakan oleh sebutan penalti.

Kita menyediakan keadaan permulaan dengan murah: putarkan setiap qubit supaya ia "hidup" dengan kebarangkalian $K/N$. Dihadkan kepada hasil $K$ aset, ini menghasilkan semula keadaan berberat sama (Dicke) yang unggul, jadi kita hanya mengekalkan bitstring terukur yang mempunyai tepat $K$ angka satu — langkah yang dipanggil pascapemilihan.

def xy_mixer(n):
    """Line XY mixer: couples neighboring qubits with XX+YY. Conserves the number
    of selected assets (Hamming weight), so cardinality is preserved automatically.
    Using a line (not a full ring) keeps the circuit shallow and hardware-friendly."""
    terms = [
        (pauli, [i, i + 1], 1) for i in range(n - 1) for pauli in ("XX", "YY")
    ]
    return SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list(terms, n)

def product_init(n, k):
    """Cheap initial state: each qubit rotated so P(selected) = k/n. Zero two-qubit
    gates. Post-selecting its weight-k outcomes reproduces the ideal Dicke state."""
    qc = QuantumCircuit(n)
    theta = 2 * np.arcsin(np.sqrt(k / n))
    for q in range(n):
        qc.ry(theta, q)
    return qc

# Combine the three objectives with weights c (bound later, at sampling time).
p_layers = 1
c = ParameterVector("c", n_obj)
# Negate the objective so the sampling phase separator matches the sign the angles
# were trained under (the trainer maximizes the negated sum); binding below keeps +gamma.
combined_cost_op = sum(
    -c[k] * H_k for k, H_k in enumerate(cost_ops)
).simplify()

ansatz = qaoa_ansatz(
    combined_cost_op,
    reps=p_layers,
    initial_state=product_init(n_assets, K),
    mixer_operator=xy_mixer(n_assets),
)
ansatz.measure_all()

betas = [p for p in ansatz.parameters if p.name.startswith("β")]
gammas = [p for p in ansatz.parameters if p.name.startswith("γ")]
print(f"Qubits: {ansatz.num_qubits} | QAOA layers: {p_layers}")
print(
    f"Tunable angles: {len(betas)} beta + {len(gammas)} gamma, plus {n_obj} objective weights"
)

Qubits: 8 | QAOA layers: 1
Tunable angles: 1 beta + 1 gamma, plus 3 objective weights

Langkah 2: Optimumkan masalah untuk pelaksanaan perkakasan kuantum

Sebelum dijalankan, litar abstrak ditranspile menjadi gate natif perkakasan. Pada skala kecil ini kita hanya memeriksa kosnya: seberapa dalam litar itu dan berapa banyak gate dua-qubit yang digunakannya? (Gate dua-qubit ialah punca utama hingar pada peranti sebenar.)

# Bind dummy angle values so we can transpile and measure the circuit's size.
dummy = {p: 0.1 for p in ansatz.parameters}
test_pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(optimization_level=1)
test_qc = test_pm.run(ansatz.assign_parameters(dummy))

print(f"Circuit depth          : {test_qc.depth()}")
print(
    f"Two-qubit gate depth   : {test_qc.depth(lambda x: len(x.qubits) > 1)}"
)
print(f"Two-qubit gate count   : {test_qc.num_nonlocal_gates()}")

Circuit depth          : 25
Two-qubit gate depth   : 23
Two-qubit gate count   : 42

Langkah 3: Laksanakan menggunakan primitif Qiskit

Dua peringkat. Mula-mula kita melatih sudut QAOA sekali, menggunakan pemberat objektif yang sama, dengan simulator vektor keadaan tepat untuk mencari nilai $\beta,\gamma$ yang baik. Kemudian kita menyapu banyak vektor pemberat merentasi simpleks dan mensampel litar pada setiap satu, mengumpul portfolio calon. Oleh sebab hanya pemberat objektif yang berubah antara sapuan (bukan sudut terlatih), semua vektor pemberat dihantar dalam satu job kelompok.

# Train the angles with equal objective weights.
# The trainer maximizes energy, so we negate the (to-be-minimized) objective sum.
training_op = sum(-1.0 / n_obj * H_k for H_k in cost_ops).simplify()

# Linear-ramp initialization (Sack and Serbyn, arXiv:2101.05742)
dt = 0.75
grid = np.arange(1, p_layers + 1) - 0.5
init_params = np.concatenate((1 - grid * dt / p_layers, grid * dt / p_layers))

trainer = ScipyTrainer(
    StatevectorEvaluator(), minimize_args={"options": {"maxiter": 300}}
)
print("Training QAOA angles (exact statevector)...")
result_train = trainer.train(
    cost_op=training_op,
    mixer=xy_mixer(n_assets),
    initial_state=product_init(n_assets, K),
    params0=init_params,
)
opt = result_train["optimized_params"]
opt_betas, opt_gammas = opt[:p_layers], opt[p_layers:]
print(f"Trained beta : {opt_betas}")
print(f"Trained gamma: {opt_gammas}")

Training QAOA angles (exact statevector)...
Trained beta : [3.329186967386619]
Trained gamma: [3.4449804324291033]

def random_uniform_simplex(n_samples, n_obj=3):
    """n_samples weight vectors spread uniformly over the (n_obj-1)-simplex."""
    s = np.zeros((n_samples, n_obj + 1))
    s[:, 1:-1] = np.random.rand(n_samples, n_obj - 1)
    s[:, -1] = 1
    s = np.sort(s, axis=1)
    return np.diff(s, axis=1)

# Bind the trained angles, leaving the objective weights c free for the sweep.
param_map = {betas[i]: opt_betas[i] for i in range(p_layers)}
param_map.update({gammas[i]: opt_gammas[i] for i in range(p_layers)})
ansatz_bound = ansatz.assign_parameters(param_map)

n_samples, shots = 200, 500
c_vecs = random_uniform_simplex(n_samples, n_obj)

print(f"Sampling {n_samples} weight vectors x {shots} shots...")
result = sampler.run([(ansatz_bound, c_vecs)], shots=shots).result()

# Collect every distinct bitstring seen across all weight vectors.
all_bitstrings = set()
for s in range(n_samples):
    for bs in result[0].data.meas.get_counts(s):
        # get_counts is little-endian; reverse so bit i = asset i
        all_bitstrings.add(bs.replace(" ", "")[::-1])
print(f"Distinct portfolios sampled: {len(all_bitstrings)}")

Sampling 200 weight vectors x 500 shots...
Distinct portfolios sampled: 256

Langkah 4: Pasca-proses dan pulangkan hasil dalam format klasik yang dikehendaki

Kita hanya mengekalkan portfolio yang boleh laksana (tepat $K$ aset daripada langkah pascapemilihan), menilai setiap satu pada ketiga-tiga objektif, dan mengekstrak barisan hadapan Pareto: portfolio yang tidak dikalahkan pada setiap objektif serentak. Hipervolum ialah satu nombor yang meringkaskan seberapa banyak ruang objektif yang didominasi barisan itu, dan lebih besar lebih baik.

Dengan 100,000 tembakan ke atas hanya 256 bitstring, larian ini melihat kesemua 70 portfolio sah, jadi pada saiz ini ia secara berkesan merupakan semakan daya kasar bahawa saluran paip disambung dengan betul, dan bukan bukti bahawa QAOA menemui barisan hadapan.

def evaluate_portfolio(bitstring, sigma, mu, D):
    """Score one portfolio on all three objectives (all framed as 'bigger is better')."""
    x = np.array([int(b) for b in bitstring])
    # negative risk, return, diversification (cross-sector pairs)
    return np.array([-(x @ sigma @ x), x @ mu, x @ D @ x])

# Post-select feasible portfolios, then score them.
feasible = [bs for bs in all_bitstrings if bs.count("1") == K]
fis = np.array([evaluate_portfolio(bs, sigma, mu, D) for bs in feasible])

pareto_front = filter_dominated(fis, maximise=True)
ref_point = fis.min(axis=0)
qmoo_hv = hypervolume(fis, ref=ref_point, maximise=True)

print(
    f"Feasible portfolios found : {len(feasible)} of {comb(n_assets, K)} possible"
)
print(f"Pareto-front portfolios   : {len(pareto_front)}")
print(f"Hypervolume               : {qmoo_hv:.4f}")

Feasible portfolios found : 70 of 70 possible
Pareto-front portfolios   : 26
Hypervolume               : 0.2487

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection="3d")
ax.scatter(
    fis[:, 0],
    fis[:, 1],
    fis[:, 2],
    c="lightgray",
    s=12,
    label="All feasible portfolios",
)
ax.scatter(
    pareto_front[:, 0],
    pareto_front[:, 1],
    pareto_front[:, 2],
    c="steelblue",
    s=45,
    label="Pareto front",
)
ax.set_xlabel("Negative risk")
ax.set_ylabel("Return")
ax.set_zlabel("Diversification")
ax.set_title("Risk / return / diversification Pareto front (8 assets)")
ax.legend()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Contoh perkakasan skala besar

Sekarang aliran kerja yang sama pada 40 aset (8 sektor × 5), memilih $K=6$. Empat puluh qubit terlalu besar untuk disimulasi secara tepat (vektor keadaan $2^{40}$ amplitud), jadi sudut tidak boleh dioptimumkan seperti pada lapan aset, dan litar padat akan terlalu dalam untuk perkakasan semasa. $\binom{40}{6} \approx 3.8$J portfolio sah masih cukup sedikit untuk dienumerasi secara klasik, yang kita gunakan pada akhirnya sebagai penanda aras tepat. Beberapa perkara berubah, dan tiada yang lain tentang kaedah ini berubah:

1. Latih sudut dengan simulator keadaan hasil darab matriks (MPS), bukan vektor keadaan tepat. Mengikut rujukan (Kotil et al.), kita tetapkan pemberat objektif kepada nilai sama, optimumkan satu β, γ pada simulator MPS, dan guna semula untuk setiap vektor pemberat dalam sapuan. (Kita melatih pada saiz yang kita jalankan — tiada pemindahan sudut kecil-ke-besar.)

2. Jarangkan model risiko supaya muat pada perkakasan. Kovarians penuh menggandingkan kesemua 780 pasangan aset. Kita hanya mengekalkan gandingan terkuat dan termurah untuk dihalakan menggunakan pemangkasan QAP sedar kepentingan, dan menggandingkan setiap sektor dalam gelang ringan untuk sebutan kepelbagaian. Ini memastikan objektif kekal bermakna sambil mengekalkan litar pada saiz mesra perkakasan.

3. Pastikan litar cetek dan nilai dengan jujur. Penghalaan bersifat stokastik, jadi kita transpile dengan beberapa benih dan kekalkan yang paling cetek (dan tiada masa kuantum digunakan). Portfolio sentiasa dinilai terhadap objektif penuh yang sebenar. Penjarangan hanya membentuk litar, bukan cara portfolio dinilai.

Mengapa pemangkasan QAP?

Mengekalkan gandingan terbesar setiap aset mengikut magnitud sahaja boleh menghasilkan litar yang jarang tetapi masih sukar dihalakan. Pemangkasan QAP sebaliknya mengekalkan gandingan yang besar dan dekat secara fizikal pada cip, jadi bajet gate yang sama membeli litar yang lebih cetek dan lebih mesra perkakasan.

Langkah 1: Petakan input (dijarangkan untuk perkakasan)

import csv
import urllib.request

# Download the committed market-data snapshot from the repo.
# --- 40-asset universe: 8 GICS sectors x 5 tickers (real market data) ---
# Load the committed market-data snapshot (real annualized returns and covariance).
# Values are stored at the precision used to train the shipped QAOA angles
# (mu: 3 dp, sigma: 4 dp), so the pre-trained parameters in instances/ stay exactly valid.

url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Qiskit/documentation/main/datasets/tutorials/qmoo/market_data.csv"
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, "market_data.csv")

with open("market_data.csv", newline="") as _f:
    _rows = list(csv.reader(_f))

# Covariance column order
_tickers_csv = _rows[0][2:]
# Asset tickers
tickers_40 = [r[0] for r in _rows[1:]]
# Annualized expected returns
mu_40 = np.array([float(r[1]) for r in _rows[1:]])
# Covariance (risk model)
sigma_40 = np.array([[float(v) for v in r[2:]] for r in _rows[1:]])

sectors_40 = [
    "Tech",
    "Tech",
    "Tech",
    "Tech",
    "Tech",
    "Energy",
    "Energy",
    "Energy",
    "Energy",
    "Energy",
    "Finance",
    "Finance",
    "Finance",
    "Finance",
    "Finance",
    "Health",
    "Health",
    "Health",
    "Health",
    "Health",
    "Staples",
    "Staples",
    "Staples",
    "Staples",
    "Staples",
    "Industrials",
    "Industrials",
    "Industrials",
    "Industrials",
    "Industrials",
    "Utilities",
    "Utilities",
    "Utilities",
    "Utilities",
    "Utilities",
    "REIT",
    "REIT",
    "REIT",
    "REIT",
    "REIT",
]
n_assets_40 = len(tickers_40)
K_40 = 6  # choose exactly K assets

sector_names_40 = list(dict.fromkeys(sectors_40))
sect_idx_40 = np.array([sector_names_40.index(s) for s in sectors_40])
# True cross-sector diversification matrix (used for scoring)
D_40 = np.array(
    [
        [
            0.5 if sectors_40[i] != sectors_40[j] else 0.0
            for j in range(n_assets_40)
        ]
        for i in range(n_assets_40)
    ]
)
np.fill_diagonal(D_40, 0.0)
print(
    f"{n_assets_40} assets, {len(sector_names_40)} sectors, choose K={K_40}"
)

40 assets, 8 sectors, choose K=6

# Sparsify the covariance so the risk circuit fits on hardware. A small diagonal
# shift (added after truncation) keeps the risk model positive semidefinite; at fixed
# K it adds the same constant to every portfolio, so it never changes the ranking.
# Importance-aware QAP truncation (Kotil et al. style): place the qubits on a line
# and use a Quadratic Assignment Problem to choose the layout that keeps the
# strongest covariance couplings within routing distance k of the swap network,
# then drop the rest. Unlike a fixed top-k cap, it keeps couplings that are both
# large AND cheap to route.
from scipy.optimize import quadratic_assignment as qap
from qiskit.transpiler.passes.routing.commuting_2q_gate_routing import (
    SwapStrategy,
)

# Truncation level: larger k keeps more couplings (deeper circuit)
k_truncate = 2
_dist = np.array(
    SwapStrategy.from_line(list(range(n_assets_40))).distance_matrix
)

def qap_truncate(Q, k):
    w = np.abs(Q.copy())
    np.fill_diagonal(w, 0.0)
    mask = (_dist <= k).astype(float)
    # Seed the QAP solver explicitly (by default it draws from NumPy's global
    # RNG, which SciPy is deprecating) so the truncation is reproducible.
    perm = qap(-w, mask, options={"rng": np.random.default_rng(42)}).col_ind
    keep = mask[np.ix_(perm, perm)]
    Qt = Q * keep
    np.fill_diagonal(Qt, np.diag(Q))
    return Qt

sigma_sparse = qap_truncate(sigma_40, k_truncate)
print(
    f"QAP truncation (k={k_truncate}): risk edges kept = "
    f"{(np.count_nonzero(sigma_sparse) - n_assets_40) // 2}"
)
ridge = max(0.0, -np.linalg.eigvalsh(sigma_sparse)[0]) + 1e-6
sigma_sparse = sigma_sparse + ridge * np.eye(n_assets_40)

# Diversity: couple each sector's assets in a ring (sparse stand-in for the
# same-sector pair count). Scoring still uses the true cross-sector matrix D_40.
def build_same_sector_hamiltonian(D_same, n):
    prob = OptimizationProblem("diversity_sparse")
    prob.binary_var_list(n)
    prob.minimize(quadratic=D_same)
    op, _ = prob.to_ising()
    return op.simplify()

D_ring = np.zeros((n_assets_40, n_assets_40))
for s in set(sect_idx_40):
    members = np.where(sect_idx_40 == s)[0]
    for k in range(len(members)):
        i, j = members[k], members[(k + 1) % len(members)]
        D_ring[i, j] = D_ring[j, i] = 0.5

H_risk_40 = build_risk_hamiltonian(sigma_sparse, n_assets_40)
H_return_40 = build_return_hamiltonian(mu_40, n_assets_40)
H_diversity_40 = build_same_sector_hamiltonian(D_ring, n_assets_40)
cost_ops_40 = [H_risk_40, H_return_40, H_diversity_40]
n_zz = sum(
    1 for p in sum(cost_ops_40).simplify().paulis if str(p).count("Z") == 2
)
print(
    f"Cost-layer interactions: {n_zz} (dense would be {n_assets_40*(n_assets_40-1)//2})"
)

QAP truncation (k=2): risk edges kept = 78
Cost-layer interactions: 102 (dense would be 780)

Langkah 2-3: latih sudut, kemudian bina dan hantar job perkakasan

Empat puluh qubit terlalu besar untuk mengoptimumkan sudut secara tepat, jadi kita melatih satu $\beta, \gamma$ pada simulator keadaan hasil darab matriks dengan pemberat objektif sama dan menggunakannya semula merentasi sapuan. Sel di bawah memuatkan nilai pralatih daripada fail. Sudut lapisan kos yang terlatih adalah kecil ($\gamma \approx 0.32$), jadi litar mengenakan pincang lembut dan bukannya unjuran tajam.

import json
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService, SamplerV2

# Pre-trained angles loaded from a file (training is slow; QDC pattern).
# Set load_params_file = False to retrain in-notebook.
load_params_file = True
params_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Qiskit/documentation/main/datasets/tutorials/qmoo/qaoa_params.json"
params_path = "qaoa_params.json"
if load_params_file:
    urllib.request.urlretrieve(params_url, params_path)
    qaoa_params = json.load(open(params_path))
    p_layers_hw = qaoa_params["p_layers"]
    opt_betas_40, opt_gammas_40 = qaoa_params["betas"], qaoa_params["gammas"]
else:
    # Same workflow as the small-scale example: qaoa_training_pipeline's MPSAerEvaluator
    # evaluates the QAOA energy on Aer's MPS simulator and supports the XY mixer.
    # As in the small-scale example the trainer maximizes energy, so we negate the
    # (to-be-minimized) objective sum; the 1/n_obj scaling matches the equal-weight
    # point of the sweep, so the trained gamma transfers directly to the weighted circuits.
    p_layers_hw = 1
    training_op_40 = sum(-1.0 / n_obj * H_k for H_k in cost_ops_40).simplify()

    dt = 0.75
    grid = np.arange(1, p_layers_hw + 1) - 0.5
    init_params_40 = np.concatenate(
        (1 - grid * dt / p_layers_hw, grid * dt / p_layers_hw)
    )

    trainer_40 = ScipyTrainer(
        MPSAerEvaluator({"matrix_product_state_max_bond_dimension": 24}),
        minimize_args={"options": {"maxiter": 80}},
    )
    print("Training QAOA angles (MPS simulator)...")
    result_train_40 = trainer_40.train(
        cost_op=training_op_40,
        mixer=xy_mixer(n_assets_40),
        initial_state=product_init(n_assets_40, K_40),
        params0=init_params_40,
    )
    opt_40 = result_train_40["optimized_params"]
    opt_betas_40, opt_gammas_40 = (
        list(opt_40[:p_layers_hw]),
        list(opt_40[p_layers_hw:]),
    )
    import os

    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(params_path) or ".", exist_ok=True)
    json.dump(
        {
            "p_layers": p_layers_hw,
            "betas": opt_betas_40,
            "gammas": opt_gammas_40,
        },
        open(params_path, "w"),
        indent=2,
    )
    print(
        f"Trained angles saved to {params_path} (set load_params_file=True to reuse)."
    )

c40 = ParameterVector("c", n_obj)
# Negated to match the trained angles' sign, as in the small-scale cell; binding keeps +gamma.
combined_cost_op_40 = sum(
    -c40[k] * H_k for k, H_k in enumerate(cost_ops_40)
).simplify()
qc_40 = qaoa_ansatz(
    combined_cost_op_40,
    reps=p_layers_hw,
    initial_state=product_init(n_assets_40, K_40),
    mixer_operator=xy_mixer(n_assets_40),
)
qc_40.measure_all()
b40 = [p for p in qc_40.parameters if p.name.startswith("β")]
g40 = [p for p in qc_40.parameters if p.name.startswith("γ")]
pmap = {b40[i]: opt_betas_40[i] for i in range(p_layers_hw)}
pmap.update({g40[i]: opt_gammas_40[i] for i in range(p_layers_hw)})
ansatz_qc_40 = qc_40.assign_parameters(pmap)

service = QiskitRuntimeService()

# only use Heron devices
backend = service.least_busy(min_num_qubits=156)

# SABRE routing is stochastic: different seeds give different depths. Transpilation
# is classical (it costs no QPU time), so we transpile many seeds and keep only the
# shallowest circuit -- a free reduction in two-qubit depth before anything is sent
# to hardware. Only this single best circuit is ever executed.
n_seeds = 24
best = None
depths = []
for seed in range(n_seeds):
    pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(
        optimization_level=3, backend=backend, seed_transpiler=seed
    )
    qc = pm.run(ansatz_qc_40)
    d2 = qc.depth(lambda x: len(x.qubits) > 1)
    depths.append(d2)
    if best is None or d2 < best[0]:
        best = (d2, seed, qc)
isa_qc = best[2]
sd = sorted(depths)
print(
    f"Backend: {backend.name} | {n_seeds} seeds | two-qubit depth "
    f"best/median/worst = {sd[0]}/{sd[len(sd)//2]}/{sd[-1]} (best seed {best[1]})"
)
print(
    f"Selected circuit -> two-qubit gates: {isa_qc.num_nonlocal_gates()}, "
    f"two-qubit depth: {isa_qc.depth(lambda x: len(x.qubits) > 1)}"
)

Backend: ibm_kingston | 24 seeds | two-qubit depth best/median/worst = 220/261/300 (best seed 22)
Selected circuit -> two-qubit gates: 787, two-qubit depth: 220

# Submit one batched job (job mode; a single batch needs no Session).
# Extra shots: noise lowers the post-selection yield
n_samples_40, shots_40 = 24, 1500
c_vecs_40 = random_uniform_simplex(n_samples_40, n_obj)
sampler_hw = SamplerV2(mode=backend)
# Tag hardware jobs for tracking
sampler_hw.options.environment.job_tags = ["TUT_QAMOO"]
# Seconds; guard against runaway jobs
sampler_hw.options.max_execution_time = 600

# The QAOA angles are already bound; only the objective weights c remain free.
# Assign each weight vector to get one concrete circuit per point on the simplex.
bound_circuits_40 = [
    isa_qc.assign_parameters({c40[k]: cv[k] for k in range(n_obj)})
    for cv in c_vecs_40
]
job_hw = sampler_hw.run([(qc,) for qc in bound_circuits_40], shots=shots_40)
print(
    f"Submitted to {backend.name}: job id {job_hw.job_id()} ({len(bound_circuits_40)} circuits)"
)

Submitted to ibm_kingston: job id darcaalvr3kc73einokg (24 circuits)

Langkah 4: Pasca-proses menjadi barisan hadapan Pareto dan baca portfolio optimum

result_hw = job_hw.result()

# Post-select feasible portfolios (exactly K assets), score on the TRUE objectives.
feasible_40 = set()
for s in range(n_samples_40):
    for bs in result_hw[s].data.meas.get_counts():
        # get_counts is little-endian; reverse so bit i = asset i
        bs = bs.replace(" ", "")[::-1]
        if bs.count("1") == K_40:
            feasible_40.add(bs)

def score_40(P):
    """Score portfolios given as an (n, K) array of asset indices.

    Returns an (n, 3) array of [negative risk, return, diversification], all framed
    as 'bigger is better'. This is the single definition of the true objectives,
    used for the hardware samples, the exact enumeration, and the random baseline.
    Looping over the K x K index pairs keeps memory O(n) even for millions of rows.
    """
    risk = np.zeros(len(P))
    div = np.zeros(len(P))
    for a in range(P.shape[1]):
        for b in range(P.shape[1]):
            risk += sigma_40[P[:, a], P[:, b]]
            div += D_40[P[:, a], P[:, b]]
    return np.column_stack([-risk, mu_40[P].sum(1), div])

def evaluate_40(bs):
    """Score one bitstring (bit i = asset i) with score_40."""
    idx = np.flatnonzero([b == "1" for b in bs])
    return score_40(idx[None, :])[0]

fis_40 = np.array([evaluate_40(bs) for bs in feasible_40])
pareto_40 = filter_dominated(fis_40, maximise=True)
print(f"Feasible portfolios collected : {len(feasible_40)}")
print(f"Pareto-front portfolios       : {len(pareto_40)}")

Feasible portfolios collected : 2359
Pareto-front portfolios       : 20

# --- Honest benchmark: QAOA and random vs the EXACT Pareto front ---
# 40 choose 6 = 3,838,380 feasible portfolios -- few enough to enumerate exactly, score
# every one on the TRUE objectives, and get the exact Pareto front. That front is an
# absolute ceiling, and its feasible nadir is a FIXED hypervolume reference point, so the
# numbers are comparable across runs instead of depending on what happened to be sampled.
import itertools

# Stream the combinations straight into an (n, K) index array, without first
# building millions of Python tuples.
combos = np.fromiter(
    itertools.chain.from_iterable(
        itertools.combinations(range(n_assets_40), K_40)
    ),
    dtype=np.int16,
).reshape(-1, K_40)
fis_exact = score_40(combos)
front_exact = filter_dominated(fis_exact, maximise=True)

# Fixed reference = worst value of each objective over ALL feasible portfolios (the nadir).
ref_fixed = fis_exact.min(axis=0)
# The hypervolume of a point set equals the hypervolume of its front.
hv_ceiling = hypervolume(front_exact, ref=ref_fixed, maximise=True)
hv_qaoa = hypervolume(fis_40, ref=ref_fixed, maximise=True)

def random_feasible_hv(n_draw, seed):
    """Hypervolume of n_draw uniformly-random feasible portfolios, same fixed reference."""
    rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
    picks = set()
    while len(picks) < n_draw:
        picks.add(tuple(sorted(rng.choice(n_assets_40, K_40, replace=False))))
    P = np.array(list(picks))
    return hypervolume(score_40(P), ref=ref_fixed, maximise=True)

hv_rand = np.array(
    [random_feasible_hv(len(feasible_40), seed) for seed in range(20)]
)

print(f"Exact Pareto front            : {len(front_exact)} portfolios")
print(f"Hypervolume ceiling (optimum) : {hv_ceiling:.3f}")
print(
    f"QAOA (hardware)               : {100 * hv_qaoa / hv_ceiling:5.1f}% of optimum"
)
print(
    f"Random ({len(feasible_40)} draws, 20 seeds) : "
    f"{100 * hv_rand.mean() / hv_ceiling:5.1f}% +/- {100 * hv_rand.std() / hv_ceiling:.1f}% of optimum"
)

Exact Pareto front            : 61 portfolios
Hypervolume ceiling (optimum) : 64.211
QAOA (hardware)               :  85.5% of optimum
Random (2359 draws, 20 seeds) :  84.4% +/- 1.3% of optimum

Pada saiz masalah ini, QAOA berprestasi lebih kurang sama baik dengan pensampelan rawak seragam. Kedua-duanya memulihkan sebahagian besar hipervolum optimum tepat, dan tiada yang jelas mendahului. Hasil ini dijangka bagi satu lapisan QAOA cetek dengan operator kos yang dipangkas dengan banyak pada perkakasan berhingar; nilai contoh ini ialah aliran kerja pelbagai objektif hujung ke hujung (pemetaan, latihan sudut, pensampelan terkekang, dan pasca-pemprosesan Pareto), bukan pecutan kuantum. Merapatkan jurang kepada optimum memerlukan litar yang lebih dalam (lebih banyak lapisan QAOA), pemangkasan yang lebih lembut, atau perkakasan berhingar lebih rendah.

# The best trade-offs found by the sampler: no other sampled portfolio beats these
# on every objective. They approximate the exact front computed above; a
# decision-maker picks the trade-off they prefer.
bs_list = list(feasible_40)
# Boolean mask over fis_40; keep_weakly=True also keeps portfolios whose
# objective values tie with a front point (what the strict filter would drop).
mask = is_nondominated(fis_40, maximise=True, keep_weakly=True)
front_bs = [b for b, m in zip(bs_list, mask) if m]
front_f = fis_40[mask]
order = np.argsort(-front_f[:, 1])  # show a span sorted by return
print(
    f"{mask.sum()} non-dominated sampled portfolios. A representative span:\n"
)
print(
    f"{'tickers held':40s} {'risk':>7s} {'return':>7s} {'cross-sector':>12s}"
)
for idx in order[:: max(1, len(order) // 12)]:
    held = [tickers_40[i] for i, b in enumerate(front_bs[idx]) if b == "1"]
    print(
        f"{', '.join(held):40s} {-front_f[idx,0]:7.3f} {front_f[idx,1]:7.2f} {int(front_f[idx,2]):12d}"
    )

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection="3d")
ax.scatter(
    fis_40[:, 0],
    fis_40[:, 1],
    fis_40[:, 2],
    c="lightgray",
    s=8,
    label="Sampled portfolios",
)
ax.scatter(
    pareto_40[:, 0],
    pareto_40[:, 1],
    pareto_40[:, 2],
    c="tomato",
    marker="D",
    s=40,
    label="Pareto front",
)
ax.set_xlabel("Negative risk")
ax.set_ylabel("Return")
ax.set_zlabel("Diversification")
ax.set_title("40-asset Pareto front (quantum hardware)")
ax.legend()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

20 non-dominated sampled portfolios. A representative span:

tickers held                                risk  return cross-sector
AAPL, NVDA, XOM, GS, BLK, CAT              1.715    2.22           13
NVDA, GS, MS, PFE, CAT, PLD                1.772    2.20           14
NVDA, MS, PFE, WMT, CAT, DUK               1.040    2.14           15
NVDA, CVX, GS, JNJ, KO, WMT                0.737    2.01           14
NVDA, COP, GS, JNJ, WMT, EQIX              1.014    1.98           15
NVDA, ABT, WMT, CAT, AEP, EQIX             0.913    1.92           15
NVDA, CVX, WMT, RTX, D, EQIX               0.835    1.82           15
NVDA, XOM, GS, JNJ, DUK, EQIX              0.763    1.80           15
AAPL, NVDA, JNJ, KO, RTX, SO               0.621    1.71           14
NVDA, CVX, BLK, JNJ, RTX, AEP              0.719    1.71           15
NVDA, JNJ, KO, COST, RTX, AEP              0.545    1.69           14
NVDA, CVX, ABT, WMT, HON, AEP              0.702    1.43           15
AAPL, GS, JNJ, PEP, AEP, EQIX              0.645    1.34           15
MSFT, XOM, BLK, JNJ, CAT, SO               0.617    1.34           15
MSFT, KO, WMT, RTX, SO, SPG                0.526    1.29           14
MSFT, XOM, BLK, JNJ, WMT, DUK              0.483    1.25           15
MSFT, CVX, JNJ, RTX, DUK, D                0.482    1.02           14
MSFT, XOM, JNJ, KO, HON, EQIX              0.479    0.93           15
MSFT, JNJ, PG, KO, RTX, DUK                0.423    0.86           14
MSFT, XOM, JNJ, PEP, DUK, AMT              0.476    0.57           15

Langkah seterusnya

Cadangan

Jika anda mendapati tutorial ini menarik, pertimbangkan yang berikut:

• Gantikan data pasaran yang dimuat turun (market_data.csv) dengan anggaran pulangan dan kovarians anda sendiri daripada sejarah harga sebenar.

• Tambah bilangan lapisan QAOA, atau latih pada 12–16 aset dan pindahkan sudut tersebut, untuk menolak barisan hadapan perkakasan lebih hampir kepada optimum.

• Baca Kotil et al., Quantum Approximate Multi-Objective Optimization (Nature Computational Science, 2025), kajian max-cut yang disesuaikan oleh tutorial ini untuk portfolio.

Rujukan

1. Kotil et al., "Quantum Approximate Multi-Objective Optimization," Nature Computational Science (2025). arXiv:2503.22797

2. S. H. Sack and M. Serbyn, "Quantum annealing initialization of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm," Quantum 5, 491 (2021). arXiv:2101.05742