Pembatalan ralat kebarangkalian dengan model hingar logik

Anggaran penggunaan: 28 minit pada pemproses Heron r3 (NOTA: Ini hanyalah anggaran. Masa jalan anda mungkin berbeza.)

In this tutorial we will evaluate observables of a 22-site Ising model on a hexagonal lattice using a Heron QPU, which has a heavy-hexagonal qubit topology. Many demonstrations on Heron QPUs focus on systems defined on heavy-hexagonal lattices to match the system's connectivity; however, hexagonal models tend to be more interesting to study as they appear more commonly in nature and are more difficult to simulate classically due to their denser connectivity. Since the qubit topology of the QPU cannot directly support the connectivity of a hexagonal lattice, we must decide how to efficiently embed the hexagonal model onto the qubit topology. In this example we represent each site in the Ising model with a qubit lying on a vertex of the heavy-hex QPU lattice. We use the qubits on the edges (mediator qubits) to facilitate entanglement between the Ising qubits on the vertices. Additionally, the mediator qubits implement entanglement in such a way that they are always expected to return to the ground state $|0\rangle$. If a mediator qubit measures $|1\rangle$, it indicates that a logical error occurred during circuit execution; postselecting only samples with no detected errors on the mediator qubits yields a smaller distribution of logical samples that might have a higher fidelity than the raw, noisy distribution. Not only can we detect that an error occurred by measuring a mediator qubit, we can also determine exactly which logical errors that qubit is capable of detecting throughout the circuit. Removing the noise generators the mediator qubits' symmetry checks are capable of detecting from a noise model leaves a reduced noise model, which can be mitigated using techniques such as probabilistic error cancellation (PEC).

Dalam contoh buku nota ini, kita akan menggabungkan teknik pengesanan ralat yang diterangkan di atas dengan PEC untuk mengatasi hingar kuantum dengan lebih berkesan berbanding kedua-dua teknik itu secara berasingan. Kita akan menggunakan 49 qubit untuk membenamkan model Ising 22-qubit dan menggunakan 27 qubit mediator tambahan untuk pengesanan ralat. Kita akan menjalankan PEC pada saluran hingar yang telah dipilih-pasca untuk mengurangkan hingar yang terlepas daripada pemeriksaan simetri. Selain menggabungkan pengesanan ralat dengan PEC, kita akan menggunakan teknik seperti mitigasi ralat pembacaan TREX dan pemeriksaan ralat bukan-Markovian untuk terus menangani kesan hingar kuantum.

Aliran kerja adalah seperti berikut:

1. Simulasikan secara klasik nilai jangkaan boleh cerap untuk model hex-Ising 22-qubit
2. Laksanakan model hex-Ising pengesan-ralat 49-qubit dengan litar kuantum dan transpilasi kepada backend QPU
3. Tentukan lapisan pengbelitan dalam litar dengan samplomatic. Kita akan mempelajari dan mengurangkan hingar yang menjejaskan lapisan pengbelitan ini.
4. Tambah pemeriksaan ralat bukan-Markovian kepada litar
5. Pelajari hingar gate dan pembacaan yang menjejaskan litar
6. Buang sebutan yang dikesan oleh pemeriksaan simetri daripada model hingar
7. Sampelkan litar pengesan-ralat. Pilih-pasca hanya sampel yang lulus semua pemeriksaan simetri dan bukan-Markovian, dan gunakan mitigasi pembacaan TREX untuk semua pengiraan nilai jangkaan
   • Sampelkan litar pengesan-ralat
   • Sampelkan litar pengesan-ralat dengan PEC, tetapi jangan pilih-pasca berdasarkan pemeriksaan simetri dan kurangkan keseluruhan saluran hingar yang dipelajari.
   • Sampelkan litar pengesan-ralat dengan PEC. Pilih-pasca berdasarkan pemeriksaan simetri dan hanya kurangkan hingar yang tidak dapat dikesan oleh pemeriksaan tersebut.
8. Kira nilai jangkaan dan bandingkan strategi. Perhatikan bahawa QED+PEC membatalkan hingar yang menjejaskan eksperimen dengan lebih berkesan berbanding kedua-dua kaedah secara berasingan dan menghasilkan nilai jangkaan yang menumpu menggunakan tembakan yang jauh lebih sedikit berbanding yang diperlukan oleh PEC sahaja.

Keperluan

Sebelum memulakan tutorial ini, jalankan arahan berikut untuk mendapatkan semua pakej yang diperlukan:

%pip install networkx numpy "qiskit[visualization]" "qiskit-ibm-runtime[visualization]" samplomatic qiskit-mitigation matplotlib "qiskit-noise-learning @ git+https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-noise-learning.git@ieee-demo-2026" Sel yang dilipat di bawah mentakrifkan pembantu rajah yang digunakan di seluruh buku nota ini.

Klik untuk melihat pembantu rajah

# Added by doQumentation — installs the packages this notebook needs if they are missing
import importlib.util

_needed = {"matplotlib": "matplotlib", "networkx": "networkx", "numpy": "numpy", "qiskit": "qiskit", "qiskit_ibm_runtime": "qiskit-ibm-runtime", "qiskit_mitigation": "qiskit-mitigation", "qiskit_noise_learning": "qiskit-noise-learning@git+https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-noise-learning.git@ieee-demo-2026", "samplomatic": "samplomatic"}
_missing = [pip for module, pip in _needed.items()
            if importlib.util.find_spec(module) is None]
# One at a time, so a package that fails to install does not block the others
for _pip in _missing:
    %pip install -q {_pip}
if not _missing:
    print("\u2713 All required packages are installed")

# Figure helpers for this notebook (collapsed): all plotting and styling lives here.
# The chip maps follow the style of Fig. 30 of arXiv:2607.25998.

from math import comb

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import BoundaryNorm
from matplotlib.patches import Circle, Rectangle, Wedge

# one typography scheme for every figure in the notebook
plt.rcParams.update(
    {
        "font.size": 13,
        "axes.titlesize": 15,
        "axes.labelsize": 13,
        "xtick.labelsize": 11,
        "ytick.labelsize": 11,
        "legend.fontsize": 11,
    }
)

def x_labels(layout, n_data):
    """Per-observable tick labels carrying the physical qubit indices (site i = qubit i)."""
    return [f"$X_{{{layout[i]}}}$" for i in range(n_data)]

def plot_layout(backend, layout, n_data):
    """Chip cartoon of the embedding: data qubits green, check qubits orange."""
    from qiskit.visualization import plot_coupling_map

    return plot_coupling_map(
        num_qubits=backend.num_qubits,
        qubit_coordinates=None,
        coupling_map=list(backend.coupling_map.get_edges()),
        figsize=(9, 9),
        qubit_color=[
            "#4CAF50"
            if q in layout[:n_data]
            else "#FF9800"
            if q in layout[n_data:]
            else "#DDDDDD"
            for q in range(backend.num_qubits)
        ],
        qubit_size=220,
        line_width=2,
        font_size=90,
    )

def plot_exact(obs_exact, tick_labels, title):
    plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
    plt.plot(obs_exact, "o-")
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xticks(np.arange(len(obs_exact)), tick_labels)
    plt.xlabel("Observable")
    plt.ylabel(r"$\langle X \rangle$")
    plt.grid()

def draw_toy_circuit(
    generate_ed_ising, zz_coeff, x_coeff, include_checks=True
):
    """The boxing pipeline on a 3-plaquette-ring miniature (1 Trotter step) so the box
    structure is legible; every box carries the Twirl / InjectNoise annotations, and with
    ``include_checks`` the terminal xslow non-Markovian error check pattern is appended as in the
    production pipeline."""
    import networkx as nx
    from qiskit.circuit import ClassicalRegister
    from qiskit_mitigation.postselection import XSlowGate
    from samplomatic.transpiler import generate_boxing_pass_manager

    toy, _, _ = generate_ed_ising(nx.cycle_graph(3), 1, zz_coeff, x_coeff)
    toy.add_register(
        ClassicalRegister(3, "data"), ClassicalRegister(3, "check")
    )
    toy.barrier()
    toy.measure(range(3), range(3))
    toy.measure(range(3, 6), range(3, 6))
    toy_boxed = generate_boxing_pass_manager(
        enable_gates=True,
        enable_measures=True,
        inject_noise_targets="gates",
        inject_noise_strategy="individual_modification",
        inject_noise_site="after",
        twirling_strategy="active_circuit",
        measure_annotations="all",
    ).run(toy)
    if include_checks:
        toy_boxed.add_register(
            ClassicalRegister(3, "data_ps"), ClassicalRegister(3, "check_ps")
        )
        toy_boxed.barrier()
        for qb in range(6):
            toy_boxed.append(XSlowGate(), [qb])
        toy_boxed.measure(range(3), toy_boxed.cregs[2])
        toy_boxed.measure(range(3, 6), toy_boxed.cregs[3])
    return toy_boxed.draw("mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.6)

# --- chip-level noise maps ---------------------------------------------------------

BANDS = [1e-5, 2e-5, 3e-5, 4e-5, 6e-5, 1e-4, 2e-4, 3e-4, 4e-4, 6e-4, 1e-3]
CMAP = plt.get_cmap("YlOrBr")
NORM = BoundaryNorm(BANDS, CMAP.N, extend="both")

def _color(rate):
    return (
        "white"
        if rate < BANDS[0]
        else CMAP(NORM(min(rate, BANDS[-1] * 0.999)))
    )

def _layer_sparse(mit, weights):
    """Per-layer labelled terms from the saved run, box-local -> physical qubits."""
    phys = np.sort(mit["layout"])
    return [
        [
            (p, tuple(int(phys[q]) for q in qs if q >= 0), r)
            for p, qs, r in zip(
                mit[f"label_paulis_{i}"],
                mit[f"label_qubits_{i}"],
                w,
                strict=True,
            )
        ]
        for i, w in enumerate(weights)
    ]

def _aggregate(layers):
    """w1[qubit][P] and w2[(a,b)][PaPb]: rates summed over the 3 layers."""
    w1, w2 = {}, {}
    for terms in layers:
        for p, qs, r in terms:
            if len(qs) == 1:
                w1.setdefault(qs[0], dict.fromkeys("XYZ", 0.0))[p] += r
            else:
                (a, pa), (b, pb) = sorted(zip(qs, p, strict=True))
                w2.setdefault(
                    (a, b), {x + y: 0.0 for x in "XYZ" for y in "XYZ"}
                )[pa + pb] += r
    return w1, w2

def draw_noise_map(mit, backend, reduced=False):
    """Chip map of the learned model: X/Y/Z wheel per qubit, 3x3 two-qubit Pauli grid per
    coupler, log-banded colors, dashed outlines for unused hardware.

    With ``reduced=True``, keeps only the error terms the checks cannot see: detectability
    depends on circuit position, so each layer's 0/1 site scales are averaged over its uses.
    """
    from qiskit_ibm_runtime.visualization.embeddings import Embedding

    if reduced:
        scales = [
            mit["site_scales"][mit["site_layer"] == i].mean(axis=0)
            for i in range(3)
        ]
        weights = [mit[f"rates_{i}"] * scales[i] for i in range(3)]
        title = f"Reduced noise model ($\\gamma$ = {mit['gammas'][1]:.1f})"
    else:
        weights = [mit[f"rates_{i}"] for i in range(3)]
        title = f"Full noise model ($\\gamma$ = {mit['gammas'][0]:.0f})"
    w1, w2 = _aggregate(_layer_sparse(mit, weights))

    xy = np.array(
        [(c, -r) for r, c in Embedding.from_backend(backend).coordinates]
    )
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(13, 7))
    for a, b in {tuple(sorted(e)) for e in backend.coupling_map.get_edges()}:
        if (
            (
                a,
                b,
            )
            in w2
        ):  # 3x3 Pauli grid laid along the bond (columns: qubit a, rows: qubit b)
            d = xy[b] - xy[a]
            u = d / np.hypot(*d)
            v = np.array([-u[1], u[0]])
            cl, cw = (np.hypot(*d) - 0.6) / 3, 0.17
            for i, Pa in enumerate("XYZ"):
                for j, Pb in enumerate("XYZ"):
                    ax.add_patch(
                        Rectangle(
                            xy[a] + u * (0.3 + i * cl) + v * ((j - 1.5) * cw),
                            cl,
                            cw,
                            angle=np.degrees(np.arctan2(u[1], u[0])),
                            facecolor=_color(w2[a, b][Pa + Pb]),
                            edgecolor="black",
                            lw=0.4,
                            zorder=2,
                        )
                    )
        else:
            ax.plot(
                *zip(xy[a], xy[b], strict=True),
                ls="--",
                lw=0.7,
                color="black",
                alpha=0.5,
                zorder=1,
            )
    for q, (xq, yq) in enumerate(xy):
        if q in w1:  # three-sector wheel: X top, Y lower left, Z lower right
            for P, t0 in (("X", 30), ("Y", 150), ("Z", 270)):
                ax.add_patch(
                    Wedge(
                        (xq, yq),
                        0.3,
                        t0,
                        t0 + 120,
                        facecolor=_color(w1[q][P]),
                        edgecolor="black",
                        lw=0.6,
                        zorder=3,
                    )
                )
            ax.annotate(
                str(q),
                (xq + 0.39, yq - 0.39),
                fontsize=9,
                color="gray",
                ha="left",
                va="top",
                zorder=4,
            )  # southeast, clear of the bond grids
        else:
            ax.add_patch(
                Circle(
                    (xq, yq),
                    0.24,
                    facecolor="none",
                    edgecolor="black",
                    ls="--",
                    lw=0.7,
                    alpha=0.5,
                    zorder=3,
                )
            )
    ux = xy[sorted(w1)]
    ax.set_xlim(ux[:, 0].min() - 2.2, ux[:, 0].max() + 2.2)
    ax.set_ylim(ux[:, 1].min() - 1.6, ux[:, 1].max() + 1.6)
    ax.set_aspect("equal")
    ax.axis("off")
    ax.set_title(title, fontsize=15)
    cb = fig.colorbar(
        cm.ScalarMappable(norm=NORM, cmap=CMAP),
        ax=ax,
        fraction=0.035,
        pad=0.02,
        extend="both",
        ticks=BANDS,
    )
    cb.set_label("coefficient (log bands; white < 1e-05)", fontsize=11)
    cb.ax.set_yticklabels(
        [f"{b:.0e}".replace("e-0", "e-") for b in BANDS], fontsize=10
    )
    _noise_map_legends(fig, ax)

def _noise_map_legends(fig, ax):
    """Weight-1 wheel and weight-2 grid keys, in a reserved band left of the lattice."""
    fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.17)
    axl = ax.inset_axes([-0.185, 0.70, 0.13, 0.24])
    for P, t0 in (("X", 30), ("Y", 150), ("Z", 270)):
        axl.add_patch(
            Wedge(
                (0.5, 0.45),
                0.38,
                t0,
                t0 + 120,
                facecolor="white",
                edgecolor="black",
                lw=0.8,
            )
        )
        axl.annotate(
            P,
            (
                0.5 + 0.2 * np.cos(np.radians(t0 + 60)),
                0.45 + 0.2 * np.sin(np.radians(t0 + 60)),
            ),
            ha="center",
            va="center",
            fontsize=9,
        )
    axl.set_title("weight-1", fontsize=10)
    axl.set_xlim(0, 1)
    axl.set_ylim(0, 1)
    axl.set_aspect("equal")
    axl.axis("off")
    axm = ax.inset_axes([-0.185, 0.32, 0.14, 0.30])
    for i, Pa in enumerate("XYZ"):
        for j, Pb in enumerate("XYZ"):
            axm.add_patch(
                Rectangle(
                    (i / 3, 1 - (j + 1) / 3),
                    1 / 3,
                    1 / 3,
                    facecolor="white",
                    edgecolor="black",
                    lw=0.6,
                )
            )
            axm.annotate(
                Pa + Pb,
                ((i + 0.5) / 3, 1 - (j + 0.5) / 3),
                ha="center",
                va="center",
                fontsize=7.5,
            )
        axm.annotate(Pa, ((i + 0.5) / 3, 1.08), ha="center", fontsize=8.5)
        axm.annotate(
            "XYZ"[i],
            (-0.13, 1 - (i + 0.5) / 3),
            ha="center",
            va="center",
            fontsize=8.5,
        )
    axm.annotate("qubit a", (0.5, 1.27), ha="center", fontsize=9)
    axm.annotate(
        "qubit b", (-0.33, 0.5), rotation=90, va="center", fontsize=9
    )
    axm.set_xlim(-0.35, 1.05)
    axm.set_ylim(-0.05, 1.35)
    axm.set_aspect("equal")
    axm.axis("off")

# --- run diagnostics ---------------------------------------------------------------

def plot_trex(trex_rescale, tick_labels):
    _fig, axt = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 3))
    axt.stem(np.arange(len(trex_rescale)), (trex_rescale - 1) * 100)
    axt.set_xticks(np.arange(len(trex_rescale)), tick_labels)
    axt.set_xlabel("Observable")
    axt.set_ylabel("Readout correction (%)")
    axt.set_title("TREX rescale factors")
    plt.tight_layout()

def plot_postselection(mit):
    """Accepted shots per PEC randomization against a single binomial at the mean
    acceptance rate: agreement means acceptance is independent of the sampled circuit
    instance, the condition under which pooling accepted shots across randomizations
    is a consistent estimator."""
    _fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7.5, 3.8))
    counts = mit["acc_counts_post"]
    K, p = 64, counts.mean() / 64
    ks = np.arange(K + 1)
    pmf = np.array([comb(K, k) * p**k * (1 - p) ** (K - k) for k in ks])
    ax.hist(
        counts,
        bins=np.arange(-0.5, K + 1.5),
        density=True,
        alpha=0.6,
        color="#da1e28",
        label="measured",
    )
    ax.plot(ks, pmf, "k-", lw=1.5, label=f"Binomial(64, {p:.3f})")
    ax.set_xlim(-0.5, max(int(counts.max()) + 3, 20))
    ax.set_xlabel("Accepted shots per randomization")
    ax.set_ylabel("Probability")
    ax.legend()
    ax.grid(alpha=0.4)
    plt.tight_layout()

def plot_convergence(mit, obs_exact, n_data):
    """Running site-averaged estimate vs. randomizations for both PEC arms (the S5-consistent
    signed-ratio estimator, evaluated on growing prefixes of the sweep)."""

    def running(prefix):
        bits = np.squeeze(
            np.unpackbits(mit[f"data_{prefix}"], axis=-1)[..., :n_data]
            ^ mit[f"flips_{prefix}"]
        )
        mask = np.squeeze(mit[f"mask_{prefix}"])
        signs = 1 - 2 * (np.squeeze(mit[f"signs_{prefix}"]).sum(axis=-1) % 2)
        qv = (1 - 2 * bits.astype(int)) * mit["trex_rescale"]
        u = (
            (signs[:, None, None] * mask[..., None] * qv)
            .sum(axis=1)
            .mean(axis=1)
        )
        v = signs * mask.sum(axis=1)
        Rs = np.arange(500, len(u) + 1, 500)
        est, err = [], []
        for R in Rs:
            e = u[:R].sum() / v[:R].sum()
            est.append(e)
            err.append(
                np.sqrt(((u[:R] - e * v[:R]) ** 2).sum()) / abs(v[:R].sum())
            )
        return Rs, np.array(est), np.array(err)

    _fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 5))
    ideal_avg = float(np.mean(obs_exact))
    ax.axhline(ideal_avg, color="black", label="ideal")
    ax.fill_between(
        [-400, 24000],
        ideal_avg - 0.025,
        ideal_avg + 0.025,
        color="grey",
        alpha=0.22,
        label=r"$\pm 0.025$",
    )
    for prefix, label, color in (
        ("van", "vanilla PEC", "#8a3ffc"),
        ("post", "PEC + error detection", "#da1e28"),
    ):
        Rs, est, err = running(prefix)
        ax.errorbar(
            Rs,
            est,
            yerr=err,
            marker="o",
            linestyle="",
            markerfacecolor="none",
            color=color,
            alpha=0.85,
            capsize=3,
            label=label,
        )
    ax.set_xlim(-400, 24000)
    ax.set_ylim(ideal_avg - 0.08, ideal_avg + 0.08)
    ax.set_xlabel("# randomizations")
    ax.set_ylabel(r"Site-averaged $\langle X \rangle$")
    ax.legend(ncols=2)

def plot_final(
    obs_exact, baseline, ed, pec, post, gammas, tick_labels, title
):
    """Per-site <X> for every method, with an rms-deviation inset.
    baseline/ed/pec/post are (values, errors) pairs; gammas is (gamma, gamma_post)."""
    x = np.arange(len(obs_exact))
    _fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(13, 5))
    h_ideal = ax.errorbar(
        x, obs_exact, fmt="-", capsize=4, label="ideal", color="black"
    )
    h_base = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        baseline[0],
        yerr=baseline[1],
        fmt=".--",
        capsize=4,
        label="baseline",
        color="#0f62fe",
    )
    h_ed = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        ed[0],
        yerr=ed[1],
        fmt="^",
        capsize=4,
        label="error detection",
        color="#009d9a",
        alpha=0.8,
    )
    h_pec = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        pec[0],
        yerr=pec[1],
        fmt="x",
        capsize=4,
        label=f"PEC ($\\gamma$={gammas[0]:.0f})",
        color="#8a3ffc",
        alpha=0.7,
    )
    h_post = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        post[0],
        yerr=post[1],
        fmt="d",
        capsize=4,
        label=f"PEC + error detection ($\\gamma$={gammas[1]:.0f})",
        color="#da1e28",
    )
    ax.set_xticks(x, tick_labels)
    ax.set_xlabel("Observable")
    ax.set_ylabel("Expectation value")
    # Set the y-axis range using the ideal, baseline, error detection, and PEC + error
    # detection curves, including error bars. Exclude PEC-only values when setting the
    # range so large fluctuations do not make the other curves difficult to distinguish.
    # PEC-only values may fall outside the visible range. Leave room above for the inset.
    series = [np.asarray(obs_exact)] + [
        np.asarray(v) + s * np.asarray(e)
        for v, e in (baseline, ed, post)
        for s in (-1, 1)
    ]
    lo, hi = min(a.min() for a in series), max(a.max() for a in series)
    span = max(hi - lo, 0.1)
    ax.set_ylim(lo - 0.1 * span, hi + 1.05 * span)
    # legend ordered to match the curves' vertical positions in the chart
    ax.legend(
        handles=[h_ideal, h_pec, h_post, h_ed, h_base],
        ncols=5,
        loc="lower center",
        bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 1.02),
        frameon=False,
    )
    ax.set_title(title, pad=44)

    # inset: rows bottom-to-top so it reads top-to-bottom: PEC, PEC+ED, ED, baseline
    axi = ax.inset_axes([0.36, 0.68, 0.28, 0.26])
    methods = [
        ("baseline", baseline[0], "#0f62fe"),
        ("QED", ed[0], "#009d9a"),
        ("PEC+QED", post[0], "#da1e28"),
        ("PEC", pec[0], "#8a3ffc"),
    ]
    for k, (_nm, vals, color) in enumerate(methods):
        axi.barh(
            k,
            np.sqrt(np.mean((vals - np.array(obs_exact)) ** 2)),
            color=color,
            alpha=0.9,
        )
    axi.set_yticks(range(4), [m[0] for m in methods], fontsize=10)
    axi.set_title("RMS deviation from ideal", fontsize=11)
    axi.tick_params(labelsize=10)
    axi.patch.set_alpha(1.0)
    axi.set_zorder(5)

Simulasikan secara klasik $\langle X \rangle_i$ untuk setiap tapak dalam model hex-Ising 22-qubit

Pertama, kita menggunakan kelas Qiskit Statevector untuk mensimulasikan nilai sasaran yang tepat bagi eksperimen kita. Walaupun masalah 22-qubit yang kita selesaikan ini boleh diselesaikan secara klasik, penyelaku statevector Qiskit tidak akan berskala kepada demo yang jauh lebih besar daripada ini, dan untuk berskala melebihi kira-kira 50 qubit, kita perlu menggunakan teknik simulasi tak tepat, seperti perambatan Pauli. Eksperimen 49-qubit ini membolehkan kita menyiasat penggabungan pengesanan ralat dengan mitigasi ralat pada skala yang lebih besar sambil mengekalkan akses kepada nilai jangkaan ideal.

import warnings

import networkx as nx
import numpy as np
from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.quantum_info import Pauli, Statevector

# Silence two harmless upstream warnings (a Samplomatic default-change notice and a
# numpy datetime timezone notice from the noise-learning circuit generator)
warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore", message="The default of the 'inject_noise_site'"
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore", message="no explicit representation of timezones"
)

# Hexagonal lattice
data_graph = nx.convert_node_labels_to_integers(
    nx.hexagonal_lattice_graph(2, 3)
)

# Number of Trotter steps and rotation angles
depth = 4
zz_coeff = -np.pi / 4
x_coeff = 3 * np.pi / 8
n_data = data_graph.order()
n_checks = data_graph.size()
n_qubits = n_data + n_checks

qc_data = QuantumCircuit(n_data)
qc_data.h(range(n_data))
for _ in range(depth):
    for edge in data_graph.edges:
        qc_data.rzz(zz_coeff, *edge)
    qc_data.rx(x_coeff, range(n_data))
psi_exact = Statevector(qc_data)

# X on site i = qubit i
observables = ["I" * (n_data - 1 - i) + "X" + "I" * i for i in range(n_data)]
obs_exact = [psi_exact.expectation_value(Pauli(o)).real for o in observables]

plot_exact(
    obs_exact,
    x_labels(range(n_data), n_data),
    f"Statevector simulation, {n_data} qubit hex-Ising, {depth} Trotter steps",
)

Laksanakan model hex-Ising pengesan-ralat 49-qubit dengan litar kuantum dan transpilasi kepada backend QPU

Litar ini mensimulasikan 4 langkah Trotter bagi Hamiltonian Ising medan-melintang 22-qubit pada kekisi heksagon. 22 qubit data dibenamkan dalam subgraf heavy-hex 49-qubit bagi QPU Heron r3, ibm_boston. 27 qubit ancilla digunakan untuk dua tujuan: memediasi pembelitan antara qubit Ising dan mengesan ralat logik semasa pelaksanaan litar. Lapisan pembelitan litar dilaksanakan sedemikian rupa supaya qubit mediator kembali ke keadaan asas $|0\rangle$ sebelum pengukuran terminalnya. Satu atau lebih qubit mediator yang mengukur $|1\rangle$ menunjukkan bahawa sampel tersebut rosak akibat ralat logik. Membuang sampel ini boleh meningkatkan kesetiaan taburan yang disampel.

Dalam graf di bawah, qubit hijau mewakili 22 qubit Ising, dan qubit oren mewakili 27 qubit mediator.

from qiskit.circuit import ClassicalRegister
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService

backend_name = "ibm_boston"

def generate_ed_ising(graph, depth, zz_coeff, x_coeff):
    """Build the mediated error-detecting Ising circuit for data-qubit `graph`; returns (circuit, CZ layers, hardware graph)."""
    hw_graph = nx.Graph()
    for i, (a, b) in enumerate(graph.edges()):
        hw_graph.add_edges_from(
            [(a, i + graph.order()), (b, i + graph.order())]
        )
    coloring = nx.coloring.greedy_color(
        nx.line_graph(hw_graph), strategy="DSATUR"
    )
    layers_coupling = [
        [e for e, c in coloring.items() if c == i]
        for i in set(coloring.values())
    ]
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(hw_graph.order())
    circuit.h(range(hw_graph.order()))
    for _ in range(depth):
        for angle, qubits in (
            (zz_coeff, range(graph.order(), hw_graph.order())),
            (x_coeff, range(graph.order())),
        ):
            circuit.barrier()
            for layer in layers_coupling:
                for edge in layer:
                    circuit.cz(*edge)
            circuit.barrier()
            circuit.rx(angle, qubits)
    circuit.barrier()
    circuit.h(range(graph.order(), hw_graph.order()))
    return circuit, layers_coupling, hw_graph

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.backend(backend_name)

circuit, layers_coupling, hw_graph = generate_ed_ising(
    data_graph, depth, zz_coeff, x_coeff
)

circ_meas = circuit.copy()
data_reg, check_reg = (
    ClassicalRegister(n_data, "data"),
    ClassicalRegister(n_checks, "check"),
)
circ_meas.add_register(data_reg, check_reg)
circ_meas.barrier()
circ_meas.measure(range(n_data), data_reg)
circ_meas.measure(range(n_data, n_qubits), check_reg)

# Physical qubits hosting the 22 Ising sites on ibm_boston, one heavy-hex row per lattice chain;
# the mediator for each edge is the physical qubit sitting between its two data qubits
data_layout = [
    *[95, 93, 91, 89, 87],
    *[115, 113, 111, 109, 107, 105],
    *[135, 133, 131, 129, 127, 125],
    *[155, 153, 151, 149, 147],
]
coupling_graph = nx.Graph(list(backend.coupling_map.get_edges()))
layout = data_layout + [
    next(
        iter(
            nx.common_neighbors(
                coupling_graph, data_layout[a], data_layout[b]
            )
        )
    )
    for a, b in data_graph.edges()
]

circ_trans = generate_preset_pass_manager(
    backend=backend, optimization_level=1, initial_layout=layout
).run(circ_meas)

plot_layout(backend, layout, n_data)

Tentukan lapisan pengbelitan dalam litar dengan samplomatic.

Laluan Samplomatic generate_boxing_pass_manager mengumpulkan lapisan pengbelitan litar ke dalam kotak beranotasi untuk twirling Pauli dan suntikan hingar PEC. Litar templat dan samplex yang terhasil (taburan parametrik ke atas litar templat yang menentukan twirl dan suntikan hingarnya) digunakan untuk mentakrifkan dan melaksanakan semua eksperimen QPU pembelajaran hingar dan pensampelan. Kotak pengukuran juga membawa anotasi ChangeBasis, jadi putaran yang mengukur qubit data dalam asas X dibekalkan kepada samplex sebagai input pada masa pensampelan dan bukannya dibakar ke dalam litar.

Di bawah, laluan pengkotakan yang sama digunakan pada versi kecil litar Ising pengesan-ralat supaya kita dapat menggambarkan struktur litar yang dikotakkan.

from samplomatic.builders import build
from samplomatic.transpiler import generate_boxing_pass_manager
from samplomatic.utils import find_unique_box_instructions

boxed = generate_boxing_pass_manager(
    enable_gates=True,
    enable_measures=True,
    inject_noise_targets="gates",
    inject_noise_strategy="individual_modification",
    inject_noise_site="after",
    twirling_strategy="active_circuit",
    measure_annotations="all",
).run(circ_trans)
template, samplex = build(boxed)
unique_instructions = find_unique_box_instructions(
    boxed, normalize_annotations=None, undress_boxes=True
)

# Measure X on the data qubits and Z on the mediators
basis_key = next(
    s.name
    for s in samplex.inputs().get_specs()
    if s.name.startswith("basis_changes.")
)
meas_basis = np.array(
    [2 if q in set(layout[:n_data]) else 1 for q in sorted(layout)],
    dtype=np.uint8,
)

draw_toy_circuit(generate_ed_ising, zz_coeff, x_coeff, include_checks=False)

Tambah pemeriksaan ralat bukan-Markovian kepada litar

Seterusnya, kita menambah pemeriksaan ralat bukan-Markovian kepada litar bagi melindungi daripada hingar yang tidak dimodelkan dalam protokol pembelajaran kita. Pemeriksaan ini berfungsi dengan melaksanakan bit-flip denyut-panjang dan memastikan qubit berpindah dengan betul daripada satu keadaan klasik kepada keadaan lain. Jika kedua-dua qubit pada satu tepi gagal pemeriksaan, sampel tersebut dibuang. Pemeriksaan ralat bukan-Markovian boleh digunakan pada permulaan atau penghujung litar (atau kedua-duanya); di sini kita hanya menggunakannya pada penghujung. Kita juga meletakkan pemeriksaan pada qubit "penonton" yang tidak digunakan bersebelahan dengan litar, memberikan lebih liputan terhadap hingar yang direka untuk dikesan oleh pemeriksaan ini.

Ingat, sama seperti pemeriksaan simetri, ini juga merupakan satu bentuk pemilihan-pasca, jadi kita perlu memastikan kita mengambil kira penurunan kadar pemilihan-pasca apabila menggabungkan teknik-teknik ini. Secara konkrit, jika $P(\text{ralat bukan-Markovian}) = \alpha$ dan $P(\text{ralat simetri}) = \beta$, maka anda memerlukan lebih kurang $\frac{1}{(1-\alpha)(1-\beta)}$ sampel berhingar untuk memperoleh semula satu sampel logik.

from qiskit.transpiler import PassManager
from qiskit_mitigation.postselection import PostSelector
from qiskit_mitigation.postselection.passes import (
    AddPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks,
    AddSpectatorPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks,
)

add_checks = PassManager(
    [
        AddPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks(x_pulse_type="xslow"),
        AddSpectatorPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks(
            backend.coupling_map, x_pulse_type="xslow"
        ),
    ]
)
template_checked = add_checks.run(template)
selector = PostSelector.from_circuit(template_checked, backend.coupling_map)

draw_toy_circuit(generate_ed_ising, zz_coeff, x_coeff, include_checks=True)

Pelajari hingar gate dan pembacaan untuk litar Ising 49-qubit yang diperiksa

Untuk mengurangkan hingar, kita perlu memodelkan bagaimana hingar menjejaskan gate pengbelitan kita. Di sini kita mempelajari model hingar Pauli-Lindblad untuk setiap satu daripada tiga lapisan pengbelitan unik litar tersebut menggunakan qiskit-noise-learning. Kemudian, kita akan membuang daripada model hingar ini penjana ralat yang dapat dikesan oleh pemeriksaan simetri dan hanya mengurangkan saluran hingar yang tinggal dengan PEC. Peta di bawah menunjukkan tiga lapisan yang dipelajari pada QPU; setiap qubit ialah roda kadar berat-1 X/Y/Z-nya, dan setiap penggandeng ialah grid 3×3 kadar Pauli berat-2 pada pasangan tersebut. Nilai $\gamma$ sebanyak $10$ menunjukkan overhed pensampelan sebanyak $\gamma^2=10^2=100$.

Pembetulan pembacaan (TREX) datang secara langsung daripada laluan SPAM padanan pembelajaran hingar. Plot batang di bawah peta hingar QPU menunjukkan faktor penskalaan semula TREX bagi setiap boleh cerap.

from qiskit.quantum_info import PauliLindbladMap, QubitSparsePauli
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Executor, Session
from qiskit_ibm_runtime.quantum_program import QuantumProgram
from qiskit_mitigation.trex import TREX
from qiskit_noise_learning.analysis import (
    ComputeObservables,
    CurveFitObservables,
    FlipPostSelect,
    LeastSquaresSolve,
)
from qiskit_noise_learning.circuit_generator import ExecutorCircuitGenerator
from qiskit_noise_learning.experiment_builder import (
    BindFragmentDepths,
    CompleteSequences,
    EvenDepthVanillaPaths,
    Experiment,
    GenerateInstructionSequences,
    IdentifyRelations,
    MergeInstructionSequences,
    SPAMPaths,
    VanillaInstructionSequences,
)
from qiskit_noise_learning.gate_sets import QiskitGateSet
from qiskit_noise_learning.models import PauliLindbladModel
from qiskit_noise_learning.models.utils import split_pauli_lindblad_model
from samplomatic.annotations import InjectNoise
from samplomatic.utils import get_annotation

gate_set = QiskitGateSet(
    target=backend.target,
    qubit_subset=sorted(
        {
            boxed.find_bit(q).index
            for i in unique_instructions
            for q in i.qubits
        }
    ),
)
ref_to_qubits = {}
for inst in unique_instructions:
    if ann := get_annotation(inst.operation, InjectNoise):
        gate_set.add_box_as_gate(inst, name=ann.ref)
        ref_to_qubits[ann.ref] = sorted(
            boxed.find_bit(q).index for q in inst.qubits
        )

fidelity_model = PauliLindbladModel.k_local(
    gate_set, gate_k={**{r: 2 for r in ref_to_qubits}, "M": 1, "P": 1}
)
experiment = (
    EvenDepthVanillaPaths()
    + VanillaInstructionSequences()
    + IdentifyRelations()
    + SPAMPaths()
    + GenerateInstructionSequences()
    + MergeInstructionSequences()
    + CompleteSequences()
    + BindFragmentDepths([2, 4, 8, 12])
).run(Experiment(fidelity_model=fidelity_model, shots=384, randomizations=64))

circuit_generator = ExecutorCircuitGenerator(
    gate_set, pass_manager=add_checks
)
program_learn, data_mapper = circuit_generator.generate(experiment)

session = Session(backend)
executor_options = {"environment": {"job_tags": ["TUT_PECLNM"]}}
fit = circuit_generator.collect(
    Executor(session, options=executor_options).run(program_learn).result(),
    data_mapper,
)
fit = (
    FlipPostSelect()
    + ComputeObservables()
    + CurveFitObservables()
    + LeastSquaresSolve()
).run(fit)
print(
    "learning shots removed by checks:",
    f"{float(fit.raw_data.datatree['0']['data_mask'].mean()):.4f}",
)

# TREX factors from the fit's SPAM paths: the fit only identifies the product of
# state-prep and measurement error, so hand TREX the composition of the two maps
spam = fidelity_model.to_pauli_lindblad_maps(
    fit.model_data, include_spam=True
)
spam_map = spam["P"].compose(spam["M"])
z_terms = [
    QubitSparsePauli(("Z", [layout[i]]), num_qubits=backend.num_qubits)
    for i in range(n_data)
]
trex_rescale = np.array(
    [TREX.calculate_trex_factor(spam_map, z) for z in z_terms]
)

# learned maps come back in backend qubit indexing; samplex wants box-local order
plm = split_pauli_lindblad_model(fit.model).model
noise_maps = {}
for ref, m in plm.to_pauli_lindblad_maps(fit.model_data).items():
    box = ref_to_qubits[ref]
    noise_maps[ref] = PauliLindbladMap.from_sparse_list(
        [
            (p, tuple(box.index(q) for q in qs), r)
            for p, qs, r in m.to_sparse_list()
        ],
        num_qubits=len(box),
    )
# Full-PEC cost: each learned layer acts twice per Trotter step (compute + uncompute)
gamma = float(
    np.exp(2 * depth * sum(2 * sum(m.rates) for m in noise_maps.values()))
)

# Collect the learned model in the form the figure helpers expect
mit = dict(
    **{
        f"rates_{i}": np.asarray(m.rates)
        for i, m in enumerate(noise_maps.values())
    },
    **{
        f"label_paulis_{i}": np.array([p for p, _, _ in m.to_sparse_list()])
        for i, m in enumerate(noise_maps.values())
    },
    **{
        f"label_qubits_{i}": np.array(
            [
                list(qs) + [-1] * (2 - len(qs))
                for _, qs, _ in m.to_sparse_list()
            ]
        )
        for i, m in enumerate(noise_maps.values())
    },
    layout=np.array(layout),
    trex_rescale=trex_rescale,
    gammas=np.array([gamma, np.nan]),
)
draw_noise_map(mit, backend)
plot_trex(mit["trex_rescale"], x_labels(layout, n_data))

learning shots removed by checks: 0.2393

Buang daripada model hingar sebutan yang boleh dikesan oleh pemeriksaan simetri

Setiap pemeriksaan simetri mampu mengesan sebahagian subset penjana ralat dalam model hingar, yang bermakna anda tidak perlu mengurangkan ralat tersebut. Di sini kita mencipta topeng ke atas penjana hingar yang boleh dikesan menggunakan fungsi create_postselected_noise_mask daripada qiskit_mitigation. Topeng ini akan digunakan untuk membuang sebutan yang boleh dikesan daripada model hingar sebelum melaksanakan PEC. Melaksanakan PEC berdasarkan model hingar yang telah dibuang boleh menghasilkan nilai jangkaan yang menumpu untuk sebahagian kecil kos pensampelan yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan PEC pada model hingar penuh, seperti yang digambarkan dalam peta model hingar di atas.

Peta di bawah dilukis pada skala warna yang sama seperti model yang dipelajari di atas, hanya mengekalkan penjana ralat yang tidak dapat dikesan oleh pemeriksaan. Kita lihat bahawa sebilangan besar penjana ralat telah dibuang daripada model, dan overhed pensampelan telah menurun dengan ketara. Overhed pensampelan untuk menjalankan PEC pada model hingar yang telah dibuang ialah $\gamma^2=2.5^2\approx6.3$, kira-kira pengurangan 16x daripada overhed yang diperlukan untuk mengurangkan keseluruhan saluran hingar.

from qiskit.quantum_info import Pauli
from qiskit_mitigation.noise import create_postselected_noise_mask

SHOTS_PER_RAND = 64  # shots per PEC randomization
N_RAND = 23_054  # PEC randomizations per experiment
MAX_PAIR_RATE = 0.02  # Max value of any coupler's summed two-qubit error rate

# The detectors are virtual Pauli-Z's representing the measurements on the mediator qubits
# We can find the set of detectable noise generators in the model for each detector by conjugating
# it backward through the circuit and calculating what generators it anti-commutes with.
detectors = [
    Pauli("I" * (boxed.num_qubits - 1 - q) + "Z" + "I" * q)
    for q in layout[n_data:]
]
# Detectable generators are handled by postselection; prune them from the model for PEC
local_scales, gamma2_post = create_postselected_noise_mask(
    boxed, noise_maps, detectors
)
gamma_post = gamma2_post**0.5
print(f"gamma PEC {gamma:.2f} | gamma QED+PEC {gamma_post:.2f}")

# Kill the job if any coupler's summed rate exceeds MAX_PAIR_RATE
pair_lam = {}
for m in noise_maps.values():
    for _, qs, r in m.to_sparse_list():
        if len(qs) == 2:
            pair_lam[tuple(sorted(qs))] = (
                pair_lam.get(tuple(sorted(qs)), 0.0) + r
            )
assert (
    max(pair_lam.values()) < MAX_PAIR_RATE
), f"kill: degraded coupler {max(pair_lam, key=pair_lam.get)}"

# Detectability depends on circuit position, so record each site's 0/1 scales by layer
site_ref = {
    a.modifier_ref: a.ref
    for inst in boxed.data
    if inst.operation.name == "box"
    and (a := get_annotation(inst.operation, InjectNoise))
    and a.ref
}
sites = sorted(local_scales, key=lambda s: int(s[1:]))
mit["site_scales"] = np.stack([local_scales[s] for s in sites])
mit["site_layer"] = np.array(
    [list(noise_maps).index(site_ref[s]) for s in sites]
)
mit["gammas"] = np.array([gamma, gamma_post])
draw_noise_map(mit, backend, reduced=True)

gamma PEC 10.08 | gamma QED+PEC 2.52

Sampelkan litar pengesan-ralat

Di sini kita mensampelkan litar Ising pengesan-ralat 49-qubit. Kita mendayakan twirling Pauli dan pemeriksaan ralat bukan-Markovian, tetapi kita tidak melaksanakan pensampelan PEC. Kita akan menggunakan sampel ini untuk mengira nilai jangkaan asas serta nilai jangkaan pengesanan-ralat-sahaja.

# Baseline = the ED+PEC template itself at noise scale 0, i.e. twirling only
program_tw = QuantumProgram(shots=100)
program_tw.append_samplex_item(
    template_checked,
    samplex=samplex,
    shape=(1000, 1),
    samplex_arguments={
        "pauli_lindblad_maps": dict(noise_maps),
        basis_key: meas_basis,
        **{f"noise_scales.{k}": 0.0 for k in local_scales},
    },
)
job_tw = Executor(session, options=executor_options).run(program_tw)

Sampelkan litar pengesan-ralat dengan PEC

Sekarang kita mensampel semula dan menyertakan rawakan PEC untuk mengurangkan hingar yang tidak dapat dikesan oleh pemeriksaan simetri. Sampel ini akan digunakan untuk mengira nilai jangkaan dengan menggunakan gabungan pengesanan ralat dan PEC. Di bawah kita memplot tembakan yang diterima bagi setiap rawakan PEC berbanding binomial pada kadar penerimaan min. Kita lihat bahawa penerimaan tidak berkorelasi dengan instans litar yang disampel kerana QED+PEC hanya menyuntik Pauli yang tidak dapat dikesan, yang berkalis tukar dengan pengukuran setiap qubit mediator.

def launch(session, template, samplex, samplex_args, n_rand, shots_per_rand):
    """Sample `n_rand` randomizations of `template` on `session` in <=100k-randomization jobs; returns the jobs."""
    jobs = []
    for start in range(0, n_rand, 100_000):
        program = QuantumProgram(shots=shots_per_rand)
        program.append_samplex_item(
            template,
            samplex=samplex,
            samplex_arguments=samplex_args,
            shape=(min(100_000, n_rand - start), 1),
        )
        jobs.append(Executor(session, options=executor_options).run(program))
    return jobs

# Reduced PEC
args_post = {
    "pauli_lindblad_maps": dict(noise_maps),
    basis_key: meas_basis,
    **{f"noise_scales.{k}": -1.0 for k in local_scales},
    **{f"local_scales.{k}": v for k, v in local_scales.items()},
}
# PEC on the full noise model
args_van = {
    "pauli_lindblad_maps": dict(noise_maps),
    basis_key: meas_basis,
    **{f"noise_scales.{k}": -1.0 for k in local_scales},
}

# Run sampling jobs
jobs = launch(
    session, template_checked, samplex, args_post, N_RAND, SHOTS_PER_RAND
)
jobs_van = launch(
    session, template_checked, samplex, args_van, N_RAND, SHOTS_PER_RAND
)
outs = [j.result()[0] for j in jobs]
outs_van = [j.result()[0] for j in jobs_van]
(out_tw,) = job_tw.result()
session.close()

Kumpulkan sampel dan sahkan bahawa rawakan PEC berkalis tukar dengan pengukuran pada qubit mediator dan tidak menjejaskan statistik pemilihan-pasca.

def bitflip_mask(out, selector):
    """Per-shot True/False for job result `out`: shot passes `selector`'s non-Markovian error checks."""
    regs = {
        k: np.asarray(out[k])
        for k in out
        if not k.startswith(("measurement_flips", "pauli_signs"))
    }
    return selector.compute_mask(regs, "edge", mode="post")

def symmetry_mask(out):
    """Per-shot True/False for job result `out`: every twirl-corrected symmetry check reads 0."""
    return ~(
        np.asarray(out["check"]) ^ np.asarray(out["measurement_flips.check"])
    ).any(axis=-1)

def keep_mask(out, selector):
    """Per-shot True/False for job result `out`: shot passes both check types."""
    return symmetry_mask(out) & bitflip_mask(out, selector)

def fracs(out_list, selector):
    """Fractions of shots across the job results in `out_list` passing [no, non-Markovian error, symmetry, both] checks."""
    bf = np.concatenate([bitflip_mask(o, selector) for o in out_list])
    sy = np.concatenate([symmetry_mask(o) for o in out_list])
    return [1.0, bf.mean(), sy.mean(), (bf & sy).mean()]

mask_post = np.concatenate([keep_mask(o, selector) for o in outs])

# Collect the sampled data alongside the learned model, in the form the figure helpers expect
mit.update(
    ps_fracs=np.array(
        [
            fracs([out_tw], selector),
            fracs(outs_van, selector),
            fracs(outs, selector),
        ]
    ),
    acc_counts_post=np.squeeze(mask_post).sum(axis=-1),
    data_tw=np.asarray(out_tw["data"]),
    flips_tw=np.asarray(out_tw["measurement_flips.data"]),
    mask_tw=keep_mask(out_tw, selector),
    data_post=np.packbits(
        np.concatenate([np.asarray(o["data"]) for o in outs]), axis=-1
    ),
    flips_post=np.concatenate(
        [np.asarray(o["measurement_flips.data"]) for o in outs]
    ),
    signs_post=np.concatenate([np.asarray(o["pauli_signs"]) for o in outs]),
    mask_post=mask_post,
    data_van=np.packbits(
        np.concatenate([np.asarray(o["data"]) for o in outs_van]), axis=-1
    ),
    flips_van=np.concatenate(
        [np.asarray(o["measurement_flips.data"]) for o in outs_van]
    ),
    signs_van=np.concatenate(
        [np.asarray(o["pauli_signs"]) for o in outs_van]
    ),
    mask_van=np.concatenate([bitflip_mask(o, selector) for o in outs_van]),
)

# Plot the PEC bias check
plot_postselection(mit)

Kira nilai jangkaan dan bandingkan strategi

Akhir sekali, kita mengira semua nilai jangkaan dengan fungsi pembantu executor_expectation_values daripada qiskit-mitigation, yang menerapkan pembalikan pengukuran, topeng pemilihan-pasca, faktor penskalaan semula TREX, dan tanda kuasi-kebarangkalian untuk kita.

Carta atas: Kita lihat bahawa kedua-dua varian PEC menumpu, tetapi QED+PEC mencapai jalur $\pm 0.025$ dengan lebih sedikit rawakan dan bar ralat yang lebih ketat. Bias baki dalam pengiraan QED+PEC adalah di bawah 0.01 dan boleh dikaitkan dengan gabungan ketidaksesuaian model hingar, hanyutan qubit dari semasa ke semasa, dan kesan daripada sumber hingar yang tidak dimodelkan.

Carta bawah: Anggaran berjalan bagi $\langle X \rangle$ purata-tapak apabila rawakan berkumpul menggunakan tembakan yang sama bagi setiap rawakan untuk kedua-dua varian PEC. PEC + pengesanan ralat stabil di dalam jalur selepas beberapa ribu rawakan; PEC-sahaja, yang membayar keseluruhan overhed pensampelan, memerlukan jauh lebih banyak rawakan untuk menumpu.

from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit_mitigation.utils import executor_expectation_values

gamma, gamma_post = mit["gammas"]
basis_map = {Pauli("X" * n_data): [SparsePauliOp(o) for o in observables]}
rescale = dict(zip(observables, mit["trex_rescale"], strict=True))

def evs(bits, basis_map, **kwargs):
    """Per-site (means, standard errors) from boolean shot data `bits` of shape (rands, 1, shots, n_data)."""
    out = executor_expectation_values(
        bits, basis_map, None, avg_axis=(0, 1), **kwargs
    )
    return np.array([m for m, _ in out]).ravel(), np.sqrt(
        [v for _, v in out]
    ).ravel()

def unpack(mit, prefix, n_data):
    """Restore `mit[f"data_\{prefix\}"]` from packed bytes to booleans of shape (rands, 1, shots, n_data)."""
    return np.unpackbits(mit[f"data_{prefix}"], axis=-1)[..., :n_data].astype(
        bool
    )

unmit_tw, unmit_tw_err = evs(
    mit["data_tw"], basis_map, measurement_flips=mit["flips_tw"]
)
ed_tw, ed_tw_err = evs(
    mit["data_tw"],
    basis_map,
    measurement_flips=mit["flips_tw"],
    postselect_mask=mit["mask_tw"],
    rescale_factors=rescale,
)
post, post_err = evs(
    unpack(mit, "post", n_data),
    basis_map,
    measurement_flips=mit["flips_post"],
    pauli_signs=mit["signs_post"],
    postselect_mask=mit["mask_post"],
    rescale_factors=rescale,
)
pec, pec_err = evs(
    unpack(mit, "van", n_data),
    basis_map,
    measurement_flips=mit["flips_van"],
    pauli_signs=mit["signs_van"],
    postselect_mask=mit["mask_van"],
    rescale_factors=rescale,
)

# effective ED+PEC overhead measured from the data: accepted shots per signed accepted shot
signs_post = 1 - 2 * (np.squeeze(mit["signs_post"]).sum(axis=-1) % 2)
gamma_eff = (
    mit["mask_post"].sum()
    / (signs_post * np.squeeze(mit["mask_post"]).sum(axis=-1)).sum()
)

print(
    f"gamma PEC {gamma:.2f} | gamma QED+PEC {gamma_post:.2f} (model) / {gamma_eff:.2f} (data) | "
    f"QED survival {mit['mask_tw'].mean():.3f} | QED+PEC survival {mit['mask_post'].mean():.3f} | "
    f"mean QED+PEC err {post_err.mean():.4f}"
)
plot_final(
    obs_exact,
    (unmit_tw, unmit_tw_err),
    (ed_tw, ed_tw_err),
    (pec, pec_err),
    (post, post_err),
    (gamma, gamma_post),
    x_labels(layout, n_data),
    "",
)

gamma PEC 10.08 | gamma QED+PEC 2.52 (model) / 2.51 (data) | QED survival 0.304 | QED+PEC survival 0.305 | mean QED+PEC err 0.0037

plot_convergence(mit, obs_exact, n_data)